The Chinese in America (65 page)

218
Information on Ouyang Ying and Katherine Cheung:
Judy Yung,
Unbound Feet,
p. 162.

218
Stanley Lau:
Ibid., p. 99.

218
Clifford Louie:
Ibid., p. 98.

218
thirty-nine Chinese sailors:
Ibid., p. 110.

218
demonstrated in front of the
Spyros:
Judy Yung,
Unbound Feet,
p. 241.

218
”spattered with blood and tears”:
Chung Sai Yat Po,
December 19, 1938, as cited in Judy Yung,
Unbound Feet,
p. 242.

219
”100 percent opposed to passing the picket line”:
Judy Yung,
Unbound Feet,
p. 242.

219
”Rice Bowl” parties:
Huping Ling,
Surviving on the Gold Mountain,
p. 107; Judy Yung,
Unbound Feet,
pp. 239-40.

219
American Bureau for Medical Aid to China:
This organization, with the support of prominent Caucasian Americans, provided more than $10 million worth of aid to China during the war. Madame Chiang served as the honorary chair of the bureau. The archival papers of ABMAC are available in Columbia University’s Rare Book and Manuscript Library.

219
blood bank in New York:
Huping Ling, p. 108.

220
relief-fund boxes on their counters:
Renqui Yu, pp. 101-2.

220
garment workers sewed thousands of winter garments:
Judy Yung,
Unbound Feet,
p. 244.

220
collecting tin cans, foil, and other scrap metal:
Florence Gee, ”I am an American—How can I help win this war?,”
Chinese Press,
May 15, 1942, as cited in Ronald Takaki,
Strangers from
a
Different Shore,
p. 373.

220
$20 million for the Chinese War Relief Association:
Him Mark Lai, ”Roles Played by Chinese in America During China’s Resistance to Japanese Aggression and During World War II,” p. 94.

220
$25 million:
Him Mark Lai, ”China and the Chinese American Community,”
Chinese America: History and Perspectives 1999,
p. 6.

220
about 75,000 at the start of the 1930s:
1930 U.S. Census (74,954 Chinese). Also Diane Mark and Ginger Chih,
A Place Called Chinese America,
p. 179.

220
$300 for every Chinese in the country:
Him Mark Lai, ”Roles Played by Chinese in America During China’s Resistance to Japanese Aggression and During World War II,” p. 94.

220
some gave almost every cent:
Renqiu Yu, p. 100.

220
Montgomery Hom:
Author interview with Montgomery Horn in Los Angeles.

221
percentage of U.S.-born Chinese Americans surpassed:
L. Ling-chi Wang, ”Politics of Assimilation and Repression: History of the Chinese in the United States, 1940 to 1970,” unpublished manuscript, Asian American Studies Collection, Ethnic Studies Library, University of California at Berkeley, p. 288.

223
”hardworking, honest, brave”:
Sucheng Chan,
Asian Americans: An Interpretative History
(Boston: Twayne, 1991), p. 121.

223
”Virtually all Japanese are short”:
Time,
December 22, 1941, p. 33.

224
used jujitsu:
Interview with Rodney Chow, interview #149, Southern California Chinese American Oral History Project.

224
carried identification cards:
Judy Yung,
Unbound Feet,
p. 250; Jules Archer,
The Chinese and the Americans
(New York: Hawthorne Books, 1976), p. 106. It appears that the Chinese embassy also issued identification cards for people of Chinese ethnicity in the United States. One such card can be found in File #5608-505, Box 2168, Accession #58734, Stack Area 17W3, Row 13, Compartment 15, Shelf 1, Record Group 85, National Archives, Washington, D.C. The card reads: ”Chinese Embassy Washington, D.C. Chinese Identification Card. The bearer of this CHINESE Identification card, whose photograph appears heron, is a member of the CHINESE race.”

225
Yu-shan Han:
Interview with Yu-shan Han, interview #152, p. 19, Southern California Chinese American Oral History Project.

225
”You damn Jap”:
Judy Yung,
Unbound Feet,
p. 256.

225
Citizens Committee to Repeal Chinese Exclusion:
Diane Mark and Ginger Chih, p. 98; Harry H. L. Kitano and Roger Daniels,
Asian Americans: Emerging Minorities
(Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1988), p. 38.

225
”enemies of the American people”:
H. Brett Melendy, p. 28.

226
first Chinese woman and second woman ever invited to address a joint session of Congress:
Mur Wolf, ”Madame Chiang Kai-shek; Week of August 14, 2000; Mayling Soong, who became Madame Chiang Kai-Shek, is the Wellesley Person of the Week.” Wellesley College 125th Anniversary Person of the Week. Office for Public Information, Wellesley College.

226
”Goddamnit, I never saw anything like it”:
Time,
March 1, 1943, p. 23.

227
”To men of our generation”:
Charlie Leong quote, in Victor and Brett de Bary Nee,
Longtime Californ‘,
pp. 154-55. For a description of Leong’s life, see Sandy Lydon, p. 483. A journalism graduate of San Jose State College and Stanford University, Leong was the first Chinese American editor of a college newspaper and the first Asian American to join the San Francisco Press Club.

227
Colonel Won-Loy Chan:
Author interview with Montgomery Hom, documentary filmmaker of
They Served with Pride.

228
15,000 to 20,000 Chinese served in the military:
Thomas Chinn, ed.,
Bridging the Pacific,
p. 147; Him Mark Lai, ”Roles Played by Chinese in America During China’s Resistance to Japanese Aggression and During World War II,” p. 99; Judy Yung,
Unbound Feet,
p. 252. (About 13,499, or 22 percent, of adult Chinese men enlisted in the army. Source: Ronald Takaki, p. 374; Gloria Chun, p. 44.)

228
20 percent of the Chinese population:
Him Mark Lai, ”Roles Played by Chinese in America During China’s Resistance to Japanese Aggression and During World War II,” p. 99.

228
8.6 percent:
Ibid., p. 99.

228
40 percent:
Yen Le Espiritu,
Asian American Women and Men: Labor, Laws and Love,
p. 50.

228
”New York’s Chinatown cheered itself hoarse”:
Rose Hum Lee, ”Chinese in the United States Today: The War Has Changed Their Lives,”
Survey Graphic,
October 1942, p. 4444.

228
”I remember Sunday, December 7th, vividly”:
Richard V. Lee, M.D., ”A Brief Lee Family History,” paper presented at the conference on Yung Wing and the Chinese Educational Mission, 1872-1881, at Yale University, September 28-29, 2001.

229
”I had never felt so happy and proud”:
Gloria He-Yung Chun interview with David Gan, former soldier with the U.S. Army. Gloria He-Yung Chung,
Of Orphans and Warriors,
p. 85.

229
asked if they were part of the Chinese army:
Christina M. Lim and Sheldon H. Lim, ”In the Shadow of the Tiger: The 407th Air Service Squadron, Fourteenth Air Force, CB1, World War II,”
Chinese America: History and Perspectives 1993,
p. 27.

229
”goddamn Chink”:
Peter Phan, ”Familiar Strangers: The Fourteenth Air Service Group; Case Study of Chinese American Identity During World War II,”
Chinese America: History and Perspectives 1993,
p. 85.

229
all his possessions thrown out the window:
Ibid.

229
”I was told that ‘no Chinaman will ever fly in my outfit’ ”:
Oral history interview with William Der Bing in 1979, in Diane Mei Lin Mark and Ginger Chih,
A Place Called Chinese America,
p. 96.

230
”I was so damn surprised”:
Peter Phan, ”Familiar Strangers,”
Chinese America: History and Perspectives 1993,
p. 87.

230
Gordon P. Chung-Hoon:
”Navy Names Destroyer to Honor Rear Adm. Chung-Hoon,” Department of Defense press release, October 10, 2000; ”Navy Ship Named for Isle World War II Hero,” Associated Press, October 12, 2000.

231
”China is your home”:
Peter Phan, ”Familiar Strangers,”
Chinese America: History and Perspectives 1993,
p. 78.

231
Nationalist soldiers marching in straw sandals:
Ibid., p. 91.

231
John Chuck:
Ibid., p. 90.

231
”behind time”:
Ibid., p. 93.

232
”Except for the uniforms”:
Christina M. Lim and Sheldon H. Lim, ”In the Shadow of the Tiger,”
Chinese America: History and Perspectives 1993,
p. 62.

233
Information on Air WACs:
Author interview with Judith Bellafaire, Ph.D., curator of the Women in Military Service for America Memorial, Inc., January 27, 2003; Judith Bellafaire, ”Asian-American Servicewomen in Defense of the Nation,” 1999 article available online from
http://www.womensmemoriaI.org/APA.html
and included in the Women in Military Service for American Memorial exhibit, Arlington National Cemetery, Arlington, Virginia; Rudi Williams, ”Asian Pacific American Women Served in World War II, Too,” American Forces Press Service, May 1999.

233
Helen Pon Onyett:
Judith Bellafaire, ”Asian-American Servicewomen in Defense of the Nation”; Huping Ling,
Surviving on the Gold Mountain,
p. 120.

234
as long as the marriage had occurred before May 26, 1924:
Roger Daniels,
Asian America,
pp. 96-97.

234
only about sixty Chinese women a year:
Origins & Destinations: 41 Essays on Chinese America,
p. 89; Roger Daniels,
Asian America,
p. 97.

234
male-female ratio was three to one:
Yen Le Espiritu,
Asian American Women and Men,
p. 55.

234
almost six thousand Chinese American soldiers:
Ibid.

234
One soldier on leave flew to China:
Rose Hum Lee, ”The Recent Immigration Chinese Families of the San Francisco-Oakland Area,”
Marriage and Family Living
18 (1956), pp. 14-24. As cited in Huping Ling, p. 114.

234
80 percent of all new Chinese arrivals:
Peter Kwong,
The New Chinatown,
p. 20.

234
an average of two births a day:
L. Ling-chi Wang, ”Politics of Assimilation and Repression,” p. 284.

234
many had to sleep in the hallways:
Author interview with Him Mark Lai, March 16, 1999, San Francisco.

234
soared from 77,000 to 117,000:
Yen Le Espiritu, p. 55.

237
fewer than one in four survived:
J. A. G. Roberts,
A Concise History of China
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1999), p. 239.

238
”its readiness to conclude”:
A Decade of American Foreign Policy: Basic Documents, 1941-49,
prepared at the request of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations by the Staff of the Committee and the Department of State. Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1950, produced online by the Avalon Project at Yale Law School:
http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/wwii/yalta.htm

240
”When a Chinese with some influence”:
Murray A. Rubinstein, ed.,
Taiwan: A New History
(Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 1999), p. 284.

240
10,000 billion Chinese dollars:
Tiejun Zhang,
Chu Ran Meng Jue Lu,
vol. 2 (Taipei, Taiwan: Xue Yuan Publishers, 1974), p. 211.

240
factor of 85,000:
Leslie Chang,
Beyond the Narrow Gate: The Journey of Four Chinese Women from the Middle Kingdom to Middle America
(New York: Dutton, 1999), pp. 18-19.

240
63 million yuan:
Leslie Chang, p. 19.

240
”eight hundred cases of notes”:
Stella Dong,
Shanghai, 1842-1949
(New York: William Morrow, 2000), p. 282.

241
Houston businessman:
L. Ling-chi Wang, ”Politics of Assimilation and Repression,” p. 306.

241
scarcely enough to buy a postage stamp:
Ibid., p. 307. During this era, my maternal grandfather had received an advance from the Nationalist government to write a book for the political department of the Chinese air force. By the time he finished writing the book and withdrew the money from the bank, the advance was worth less than the price of a shirt. (Tiejun Zhang, p. 212.)

241
1.5 million troops:
J. A. G. Roberts,
A Concise History of China,
p. 250.

243
five thousand foreign Chinese intellectuals marooned:
Peter Kwong,
The New Chinatown,
p. 59; Ronald Takaki,
Strangers from a Different Shore,
p. 417; Kitano and Daniels,
Asian Americans,
p. 42; Ting Ni, ”Cultural Journey: Experience of Chinese Students of the 1930s and the 1940s,” Ph.D. dissertation in history, Indiana University, April 1996, p. 142.

243
4,675:
Ting Ni, p. 81.

243
”We joked about getting gold-plated”:
Author interview with Linda Tsao Yang.

244
”We came to a fork in our lives”:
Ibid.

244
more than 2,500 Chinese students lacked basic funds:
Time,
February 28, 1949.