The Chinese in America (67 page)

281
”I had the impression that anything I wanted, I could get”:
Carter Wiseman,
I. M. Pei: A Profile in American Architecture
(New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1990), p. 32.

281
”I had heard that there was discrimination against Chinese”:
Dr. An Wang with Eugene Linden,
Lessons: An Autobiography
(Boston: Addison-Wesley, 1986), p. 32.

281
”Frankly the United States seemed a lot like China to me”:
Ibid., p. 33.

281
”Science is the same the world over”:
Ibid., p. 31.

281
started Wang Laboratories in 1951 with only $600:
Ibid., p. 75.

281
took his company public in 1967:
Charles Kenney,
Riding the Runaway Horse: The Rise and Decline of Wang Laboratories
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1992), p. 48.

281
Chin Yang Lee:
Author interview with Chin Yang Lee; Heidi Benson, ”C. Y. Lee, Fortunate Son: Author of the Enduring ‘Flower Drum Song’ Is Grateful for ‘Three Lucks in My Life,’”
San Francisco Chronicle,
September 18, 2002.

281
Tsung-Dao Lee and Chen-ning Yang:
New York Times,
January 15, 1957.

282
Chien-Shiung Wu:
New York Times,
February 18, 1997;
The Guardian,
May 13,1997.

282
Shing-Shen Chern:
McGraw-Hill Modern Scientists and Engineers,
(New York: McGraw-Hill, 1980), p. 201.

282
Chia-Chiao Lin:
Chia-Chiao Lin and Frank H. Shu, ”On the Spiral Structure of Disk Galaxies,”
Astrophysical Journal,
no. 140, 1964; ”On the Spiral Structure of Galaxies II: Outline of a Theory of Density Waves,”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,
no. 55, 1966.

282
Tung-Yen Lin:
MaryLou Watts, ”Prestressed Concrete Pioneer T. Y. Lin Named Cal’s Alumnus of Year,”
CM (Construction Management) Magazine,
March 16, 1995; David Pescovitz, ”Berkeley Engineers Changing Our World,” Lab Notes: Research from the College of Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, vol. 2, issue 6, August 2002; ”Builder of Bridges: Alumnus of the Year T. Y. Lin,”
California Monthly,
December 1994; files and correspondence from T. Y. Lin to author; ”Top People in the Past 125 Years,”
Engineering News-Record
243:9, p. 27; ”Famed Structural Engineer T. Y. Lin Named Cal Alumni Association’s Alumnus of the Year,”
Business Wire,
December 19, 1994.

282
Min-Chueh Chang:
Amy Zuckerman, ”M. C. Chang,”
Worcester Magazine,
July 27, 1988;
Times
(London), June 14, 1991;
New York Times,
June 7, 1991; Roy O. Greep’s comments at the memorial service for Min-Chueh Chang, October 10, 1991; letter from Isabelle C. Chang, widow of Min-Chueh Chang, to author, July 6, 1999. According to Ms. Chang, her husband was nominated for the Nobel Prize six times.

283
”number three” choice:
Murray A. Rubinstein, ed.,
Taiwan: A New History
(Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 1999), p. 299.

283
between one million and two million refugees:
Franklin Ng, p. 10.

285
”desolate place both in literary and cultural terms”:
Anna Chennault,
The Education of Anna
(New York: Times Books, 1980), p. 92.

286
about two thousand students were leaving Taiwan:
Ronald Skeldon, ed.,
Reluctant Exiles? Migration from Hong Kong and the New Overseas Chinese
(Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 1974), p. 45.

286
T. V. Soong:
Leslie Chang,
Beyond the Narrow Gate,
p. 18; Stella Dong,
Shanghai, 1842-1949,
p. 288; Him Mark Lai, ”China and the Chinese American Community: The Political Dimension,”
Chinese America: History and Perspectives 1999,
p. 10.

287
U.S. News and World Report:
U.S. News and World Report, July
24, 1995.

287
suspended all national-level elections:
Murray A. Rubinstein, ed.,
Taiwan: A New History,
p. 326.

287
”the period of Communist rebellion”:
Ibid., p. 327.

288
reign of ”White Terror”:
Ibid., pp. 145, 330.

288
”By grade school”:
Author interview of Dick Ling, December 27, 2000.

289
”That student got into deep,
deep
trouble”:
Author interview of Carl Hsu, February 28, 2001.

289
”You couldn’t even buy vacuum tubes then”:
Author interview of Ching Peng, December 27, 2000.

291
Sayling Wen:
Sayling Wen and Chin-chung Tsia,
Taiwan Experience: How Taiwan Transformed Herself from Economic Difficulty to Economic Boom
(Taipei, Taiwan: Locus Publishing Company, 1998), pp. 24-25.

291
40 percent of Taiwan’s income:
Murray A. Rubinstein, ed.,
Taiwan: A New History,
p. 328.

291
$100 million:
Ibid., p. 325.

291
”Turn your living room into a factory”:
Sayling Wen and Chin-chung Tsia, p. 58.

292
The story of Taiwan’s economic miracle:
Murray A. Rubinstein, ed.,
Taiwan: A New History,
p. 374; Chun-Chieh Huang and Feng-fu Tsao, eds.,
Postwar Taiwan in Historical Perspective
(Bethesda: University Press of Maryland, 1998).

293
”In schools, teachers taught us about the task”:
Sayling Wen and Chin-chung Tsia, p. 45.

295
”White people all looked alike”:
Author interview with Ying-Ying Chang.

296
”the sight of a hot dog”:
Cai Nengying, ”Lu Meizhufu huajiachang (A Housewife Staying in America Talks About Household Matters),” in Huang Minghui, ed.,
Lu Mei Sanji (Notes on Staying in America)
(Taipei: Zhengwen, 1971), pp. 34-35. As cited in R. David Arkush and Leo O. Lee,
Land without Ghosts,
p. 219.

297
dared not spend even a few cents:
Interview with Cheng-Cheng Chang in Palo Alto, California.

297
”As I grew up in Taiwan”:
E-mail from Albert Yu to author, March 13, 2000.

298
Huang Qiming:
Him Mark Lai, ”China and the Chinese American Community: The Political Dimension,”
Chinese America: History and Perspectives
1999, p. 15.

298
Chen Yuxi:
Ibid., p. 15.

298
only one in four students returned:
Ronald Skeldon, ed.,
Reluctant Exiles?,
p. 45.

299
Chia-ling Kuo:
Chia-ling Kuo, ”The Chinese on Long Island: A Pilot Study,”
Phylon
31:28 (1970), pp. 80-89, as cited in Ting Ni, ”Cultural Journey,” p. 185.

299
”I would not let those ignorant people bother me”:
Chia-ling Kuo, p. 286; Ting Ni, pp. 186-87.

299
”great majority of Chinese- and Japanese-Americans”:
”Orientals Find Bias Is Down Sharply in U.S,”
New York Times,
December 13, 1970, as cited in Cheng-Tsu Wu, ed.,
”Chink!,”
p. 220.

300
Biographical information on Chang-Lin Tien:
Kate Coleman, ”Reluctant Hero,”
San Francisco Focus,
December 1996.

303
Biographical information on David Lee:
Author interview of David Lee.

305-6
”Orientals are inordinately industrious”:
James W. Chinn,
EastlWest,
December 2, 1970, as cited in Cheng-Tsu Wu, ed.,
”Chink!,”
pp. 231-37.

306
one in four Chinese American men sixteen years or older:
L. Ling-chi Wang, ”Politics of Assimilation and Repression,” p. 472. By 1970, one-fourth of Chinese American men had college degrees, which was twice the national average. (Him Mark Lai, in
Encyclopedia of the Chinese Overseas,
p. 266.)

306
only 55 percent of that of white men:
Ibid., p. 472.

306
five Asian American health inspectors:
Cheng-Tsu Wu, ed.,
”Chink!,”
pp. 215, 232, 233.

307
”he presumably lacked the ability to deal with the public”:
Thomas Yang Chin and Shirley Takemorei,
Third World News,
December 7, 1970. As cited in Cheng-Tsu Wu, ed.,
”Chink!,”
p. 232.

307
”I suppose you like to play the lotteries like all good Chinese”:
Cheng-Tsu Wu, ed.,
”Chink!,”
p. 237. Original citation: Kai M. Lui, letter,
East/West: The Chinese American Journal,
September 1, 1970.

307
”Oriental women had been trained to be subservient”:
Frank Quinn, Fair Employment Practices Commission hearing transcript, December 10, 1970, p. 38.

307
only 2.5 percent:
Pauline L. Fong, ”The Current Social and Economic Status of Chinese American Women,” paper presented at the National Conference on Chinese American Studies, October 9-11, 1980, San Francisco.

307
”In fact, the better educated we became”:
Judy Yung,
Unbound Feet,
p. 288.

308
in-house study at Bell Labs:
Author interview of Carl Hsu, co-founder of 4A, Asian Americans for Affirmative Action; ”The Founding of
4A,” 4A Newsletter
1:1 (January 1979); correspondence of Ron Osajima, co-founder of 4A, to author, February 18, 2001; ”Request for a Comparison Study of White Males and Asian Americans,” Bell Labs memorandum, July 22, 1977.

308
”Most of us had very deep fears about retribution”:
Author interview with Carl Hsu.

309
”worse than the betrayal of a loyal ally”:
New York Times,
January 5, 1981; Anna Chennault,
The Education of Anna,
p. 242.

309
”Mr. President”:
Anna Chennault, p. 236.

310
”During Watergate, we didn’t understand why Nixon had to resign”:
Jennie Yabroff, ”Stranger in a Strange Land,”
Salon,
October 17, 1997.

312
”the news filled me with such euphoria”:
Jung Chang,
Wild Swans: Three Daughters of China
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1991), p. 495.

313
partly or completely illiterate:
Jasper Becker,
The Chinese
(New York: Free Press, 2000), p. 210.

314
”study abroad fever”:
Leo A. Orleans,
Chinese Students in America: Policies, Issues and Numbers
(Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1988), p. 28.

314
doubled the immigration slots:
Lynn Pan,
Sons of the Yellow Emperor,
p. 276.

315
more than 80,000 PRC intellectuals:
Los Angeles Times Magazine,
March 25, 1990; Jing Qiu Fu, ”Broken Portraits: The Dilemma of Chinese Student Leaders in the U.S. After the Tiananmen Square Incident,” master’s thesis, Asian American Studies, University of California at Los Angeles, 1999, p. 1.

315
freed Deng Jiaxian:
Ting Ni, pp. 190-91.

315
Yuan Jialiu:
Ibid., p. 190.

316
Yuan’s family:
Ibid., p. 190.

316
roughly half the Chinese foreign students:
Dr. An Wang with Eugene Linden,
Lessons: An Autobiography
(Boston: Addison-Wesley, 1986), p.
42.

316
”regret in their eyes”:
Author interview of Linda Tsao Yang.

316
Let Keung Mui:
Interview with Let Keung Mui by Se Wai Mui, his son. Manuscript entitled ”Our Lives, Our Stories, Our Neighborhood. Vol. V Oral Histories compiled by the students of the class. Our Neighborhood: The Lower East Side Experience. Seward Park High School, June 1988,” New York Chinatown History Project, Museum of Chinese in the Americas.

317
”Why would one person need so many lights?”: Liu Zongren,
Two Years in the Melting Pot
(San Francisco: China Books and Periodicals, 1988), p. 16.

317
”A hundred dollars”:
Ibid., p. 20.

318
”I liked
E.T. ”:
Ibid., p. 20.

318
wealthiest one percent of Americans:
James D. Torr, ed.,
The
1980s (San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 2000), p. 54.

318
four hundred richest Americans:
Ibid.

319
”Many of Detroit’s corporate heads”:
Ronald Takaki, ”Who Killed Vincent Chin?,” in Grace Yun, ed.,
A Look Beyond the Model Minority Image
(New York: Minority Rights Group, 1989), pp. 26-27.

320
”In Detroit, the bumper stickers say it all”:
Ibid., p. 27.

320
”What kind of law is this?”:
Ronald Takaki,
Strangers from a Different Shore,
p. 482.

321
”Three thousand dollars can’t even buy a good used car”:
Ibid.

321
”I don’t understand how this could happen in America”:
Ibid.

321
”My blood boiled”:
Ibid., p. 484.

321
”The killing of Vincent Chin happened in 1982”:
Ibid., p. 483.

321
Additional sources on Vincent Chin:
Sucheng Chan,
Asian Americans,
pp. 176-78; Christine Choy and Renee Tajima,
Who Killed Vincent Chin?,
color documentary, 90 minutes, 1988.

322
Sources on the Jim Loo murder:
Sucheng Chan, p. 178; United States Commission on Civil Rights,
Civil Rights Issues Facing Asian Americans in the 1990s: A Report of the United States Commission on Civil Rights, February
1992, pp. 26-28.