The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (62 page)

34
.  Harry C. Triandis, “Cross-Cultural Studies of Individualism and Collectivism,” in
Nebraska Symposium on Motivation 1989
(Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1990), 44-133, and
New York Times,
25 December 1990, p. 41. See also George C. Lodge and Ezra F. Vogel, eds.,
Ideology and National Competitiveness: An Analysis of Nine Countries
(Boston: Harvard Business School Press 1987), passim.

35
.  Discussions of the interaction of civilizations almost inevitably come up with some variation of this response typology. See Arnold J. Toynbee,
Study of History
(London: Oxford University Press, 1935-61), II, 187ff., VIII, 152-153, 214; John L. Esposito,
The Islamic Threat: Myth or Reality
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), pp. 53-62; Daniel Pipes,
In the Path of God: Islam and Political Power
(New York: Basic Books, 1983), pp. 105-142.

36
.  Pipes,
Path of God,
p. 349.

37
.  William Pfaff, “Reflections: Economic Development,”
New Yorker,
25 December 1978, p. 47.

38
.  Pipes,
Path of God,
pp. 197-198.

39
.  Ali Al-Amin Mazrui,
Cultural Forces in World Politics
(London: James Currey, 1990), pp. 4-5.

40
.  Esposito,
Islamic Threat,
p. 55; See generally, pp. 55-62; and Pipes,
Path of God,
pp. 114-120.

41
.  Rainer C. Baum, “Authority and Identity—The Invariance Hypothesis II,”
Zeitschrift für Soziologie,
6 (Oct. 1977), 368-369. See also Rainer C. Baum, “Authority Codes: The Invariance Hypothesis,”
Zeitschrift für Soziologie,
6 (Jan. 1977), 5-28.

42
.  See Adda B. Bozeman, “Civilizations Under Stress,”
Virginia Quarterly Review,
51 (Winter 1975), 5ff; Leo Frobenius,
Paideuma: Umrisse einer Kultur- und Seelenlehre
(Munich: C.H. Beck, 1921), pp. 11ff; Oswald Spengler,
The Decline of the West
(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2 vols., 1926, 1928), II, 57ff.

43
.  Bozeman, “Civilizations Under Stress,” p. 7.

44
.  William E. Naff, “Reflections on the Question of ‘East and West’ from the Point of View of Japan,”
Comparative Civilizations Review,
13/14 (Fall 1985
&
Spring 1986), 222.

45
.  David E. Apter, “The Role of Traditionalism in the Political Modernization of Ghana and Uganda,”
World Politics,
13 (Oct. 1960), 47-68.

_p. 331
46
.  S. N. Eisenstadt, “Transformation of Social, Political, and Cultural Orders in Modernization,”
American Sociological Review,
30 (Oct. 1965), 659-673.

47
.  Pipes,
Path of God,
pp. 107, 191.

48
.  Braudel,
On History,
pp. 212-213.

Chapter 4

 
1
.  Jeffery R. Barnett, “Exclusion as National Security Policy,”
Parameters,
24 (Spring 1994), 54.

 
2
.  Aaron L. Friedberg, “The Future of American Power,”
Political Science Quarterly,
109 (Spring 1994), 20-21.

 
3
.  Hedley Bull, “The Revolt Against the West,” in Hedley Bull and Adam Watson, eds.,
Expansion of International Society
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984), p. 219.

 
4
.  Barry G. Buzan, “New Patterns of Global Security in the Twenty-first Century,”
International Affairs,
67 (July 1991), 451.

 
5
.  
Project
2025, (draft) 20 September 1991, p. 7; World Bank,
World Development Report
1990 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990), pp. 229, 244;
The World Almanac and Book of Facts 1990
(Mahwah, NJ: Funk & Wagnalls, 1989), p. 539.

 
6
.  United Nations Development Program,
Human Development Report 1994
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), pp. 136-137, 207-211; World Bank, “World Development Indicators,”
World Development Report 1984, 1986, 1990, 1994;
Bruce Russett et al.,
World Handbook of Political and Social Indicators
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1994), pp. 222-226.

 
7
.  Paul Bairoch, “International Industrialization Levels from 1750 to 1980,”
Journal of European Economic History,
11 (Fall 1982), 296, 304.

 
8
.  
Economist,
15 May 1993, p. 83, citing International Monetary Fund,
World Economic Outlook
;  “The Global Economy,”
Economist,
1 October 1994, pp. 3-9;
Wall Street Journal,
17 May 1993, p. A12; Nicholas D. Kristof, “The Rise of China,”
Foreign Affairs,
72 (Nov./Dec. 1993), 61; Kishore Mahbubani, “The Pacific Way,”
Foreign Affairs,
74 (]an./Feb. 1995), 100-103.

 
9
.  International Institute for Strategic Studies, “Tables and Analyses,”
The Military Balance 1994-95
(London: Brassey’s, 1994).

10
.  
Project 2025,
p. 13; Richard A. Bitzinger,
The Globalization of Arms Production: Defense Markets in Transition
(Washington, D.C.: Defense Budget Project, 1993), passim.

11
.  Joseph S. Nye, Jr., “The Changing Nature of World Power,”
Political Science Quarterly,
105 (Summer 1990), 181-182.

12
.  William H. McNeill,
The Rise of the West: A History of the Human Community
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1963), p. 545.

13
.  Ronald Dore, “Unity and Diversity in Contemporary World Culture,” in Bull and Watson, eds.,
Expansion of International Society,
pp. 420-421.

14
.  William E. Naff, “Reflections on the Question of ‘East and West’ from the Point of View of Japan,”
Comparative Civilizations Review,
13/14 (Fall 1985 and Spring 1986), 219; Arata Isozaki, “Escaping the Cycle of Eternal Resources,”
New
Perspectives Quarterly,
9 (Spring 1992), 18.

15
.  Richard Sission, “Culture and Democratization in India,” in Larry Diamond,
Political Culture and Democracy in Developing Countries
(Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1993), pp. 55-61.

16
.  Graham E. Fuller, “The Appeal of Iran,”
National Interest,
37 (Fall 1994), 95.

_p. 332
17
.  Eisuke Sakakibara, “The End of Progressivism: A Search for New Goals,”
Foreign Affairs,
74 (Sept./Oct. 1995), 8-14.

18
.  T. S. Eliot,
Idea of a Christian Society
(New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1940), p. 64.

19
.  Gilles Kepel,
Revenge of God: The Resurgence of Islam, Christianity and Judaism in the Modern World
(University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, trans. Alan Braley 1994), p. 2.

20
.  George Weigel, “Religion and Peace: An Argument Complexified,”
Washington Quarterly,
14 (Spring 1991), 27.

21
.  James H. Billington, “The Case for Orthodoxy,”
New Republic,
30 May 1994, p. 26;  Suzanne Massie, “Back to the Future,”
Boston Globe, 
28 March  1993 p. 72.

22
.  
Economist,
8 January 1993, p. 46; James Rupert, “Dateline Tashkent: Post-Soviet Central Asia”;
Foreign Policy,
87 (Summer 1992), 180.

23
.  Fareed Zakaria, “Culture Is Destiny: A Conversation with Lee Kuan Yew,”
Foreign Affairs,
73, (Mar./Apr. 1994), 118.

24
.  Hassan Al-Turabi, “The Islamic Awakening’s Second Wave,”
New
Perspectives Quarterly,
9 (Summer 1992), 52-55; Ted G. Jelen,
The Political Mobilization of Religious Belief
(New York: Praeger, 1991), pp. 55ff.

25
.  Bernard Lewis, “Islamic Revolution,”
New York Review of Books,
21 January 1988, p. 47; Kepel,
Revenge of God,
p. 82.

26
.  Sudhir Kakar, “The Colors of Violence: Cultural Identities, Religion, and Conflict” (Unpublished manuscript), chap. 6, “A New Hindu Identity,” p. 11.

27
.  Suzanne Massie, “Back to the Future,” p. 72; Rupert, “Dateline Tashkent,” p. 180.

28
.  Rosemary Radford Ruther, “A World on Fire with Faith,”
New York Times Book Review,
26 January 1992, p. 10; William H. McNeill, “Fundamentalism and the World of the 1990s,” in Martin E. Marty and R. Scott Appleby, eds.,
Fundamentalisms and Society
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993), p. 561.

29
.  
New York Times,
15 January 1993, p. A9; Henry Clement Moore,
Images of Development: Egyptian Engineers in Search of Industry
(Cambridge: M.I.T. Press, 1980), pp. 227-228.

30
.  Henry Scott Stokes, “Korea’s Church Militant,”
New York Times Magazine,
28 November 1972, p. 68.

31
.  Rev. Edward J. Dougherty, S. J.,
New York Times
4 July 1993, p. 10; Timothy Goodman, “Latin America’s Reformation,”
American Enterprise, 2
(July-August 1991), 43;
New York Times,
11 July 1993, p. 1;
Time,
21 January 1991, p. 69.

32
.  
Economist,
6 May 1989, p. 23; 11 November 1989, p. 41;
Times
(London), 12 April 1990, p. 12;
Observer,
27 May 1990, p. 18.

33
.  
New York Times,
16 July 1993, p. A9;
Boston Globe,
15 July 1993, p. 13.

34
.  See Mark Juergensmeyer,
The New Cold War? Religious Nationalism Confronts the Secular State
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993).

35
.  Zakaria, “Conversation with Lee Kuan Yew,” p. 118; Al-Turabi, “Islamic Awakening’s Second Wave,” p. 53. See Terrance Carroll, “Secularization and States of Modernity,”
World Politics,
36 (April 1984), 362-382.

36
.  John L. Esposito,
The Islamic Threat: Myth or Reality
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), p. 10.

37
.  Régis Debray, “God and the Political Planet,”
New
Perspectives Quarterly,
11 (Spring 1994), 15.

_p. 333
38
.  Esposito,
Islamic Threat,
p. 10; Gilles Kepel quoted in Sophie Lannes, “La revanche de Dieu—Interview with Gilles Kepel,”
Geopolitique
, 33 (Spring 1991), 14; Moore,
Images of Development,
pp. 214-216.

39
.  Juergensmeyer,
The New Cold War,
p. 71; Edward A. Gargan, “Hindu Rage Against Muslims Transforming Indian Politics,”
New York Times,
17 September 1993, p. A1; Khushwaht Singh, “India, the Hindu State,”
New York Times,
3 August 1993, p. A17.

40
.  Dore in Bull and Watson, eds.,
Expansion of International Society,
p. 411; McNeill in Marty and Appleby, eds.,
Fundamentalisms and Society,
p. 569.

Chapter 5

 
1
.  Kishore Mahbubani, “The Pacific Way,”
Foreign Affairs,
74 (Jan./Feb. 1995), 100-103; IMD Executive Opinion Survey,
Economist,
6 May 1995, p. 5; World Bank,
Global Economic Prospects and the Developing Countries
1993 (Washington: 1993) pp. 66-67.

 
2
.  Tommy Koh,
America’s Role in Asia: Asian Views
(Asia Foundation, Center for Asian Pacific Affairs, Report No. 13, November 1993), p. 1.

 
3
.  Alex Kerr,
Japan Times,
6 November 1994, p. 10.

 
4
.  Yasheng Huang, “Why China Will Not Collapse,”
Foreign Policy,
95 (Summer 1995), 57.

 
5
.  
Cable News Network,
10 May 1994; Edward Friedman, “A Failed Chinese Modernity,”
Daedalus,
122 (Spring 1993), 5; Perry Link, “China’s ‘Core’ Problem,” ibid., pp. 201-204.

 
6
.  
Economist,
21 January 1995, pp. 38-39; William Theodore de Bary, “The New Confucianism in Beijing,”
American Scholar,
64 (Spring 1995), 175ff.; Benjamin L. Self, “Changing Role for Confucianism in China,”
Woodrow Wilson Center Report,
7 (September 1995), 4-5;
New York Times,
26 August 1991, A19.

 
7
.  Lee Teng-hui, “Chinese Culture and Political Renewal,”
Journal of Democracy,
6 (October 1995), 6-8.

 
8
.  Alex Kerr,
Japan Times,
6 November 1994, p. 10; Kazuhiko Ozawa, “Ambivalence in Asia,”
Japan Update,
44 (May 1995), 18-19.

 
9
.  For some of these problems, see Ivan P. Hall, “Japan’s Asia Card,”
National Interest,
38 (Winter 1994-95), 19ff.

10
.  Casimir Yost, “America’s Role in Asia: One Year Later,” (Asia Foundation, Center for Asian Pacific Affairs, Report No. 15, February 1994), p. 4; Yoichi Funabashi, “The Asianization of Asia,”
Foreign Affairs,
72 (Nov./Dec. 1993), 78; Anwar Ibrahim,
International Herald Tribune,
31 January 1994, p. 6.

11
.  Kishore Mahbubani, “Asia and a United States in Decline,”
Washington Quarterly,
17 (Spring 1994), 5-23; For a counteroffensive, see Eric Jones, “Asia’s Fate: A Response to the Singapore School,”
National Interest,
35 (Spring 1994), 18-28.

12
.  Mahathir bin Mohamad,
Mare jirenma
(The Malay Dilemma) (Tokyo: Imura Bunka Jigyo, trans. Takata Masayoshi, 1983), p. 267, quoted in Ogura Kazuo, “A Call for a New Concept of Asia,”
Japan Echo,
20 (Autumn 1993), 40.

13
.  Li Xiangiu, “A Post-Cold War Alternative from East Asia,”
Straits Times,
10 February 1992, p. 24.

14
.  Yotaro Kobayashi, “Re-Asianize Japan,”
New Perspectives Quarterly,
9 (Winter 1992), 20; Funabashi, “The Asianization of Asia,” pp. 75ff; George Yong-Soon Yee, “New East Asia in a Multicultural World,”
International Herald Tribune,
15 July 1992, p. 8.