The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (64 page)

29
.  Sezer, “Turkey’s Grand Strategy,” p. 27;
Washington Post,
22 March 1992;
New York Times,
19 June 1994, p. 4.

30
.  
New York Times,
4 August 1993, p. A3; 19 June 1994, p. 4; Philip Robins, “Between Sentiment and Self-interest: Turkey’s Policy toward Azerbaijan and the Central Asian States,”
Middle East Journal,
47 (Autumn 1993), 593-610;
Economist,
17 June 1995, pp. 38-39.

31
.  Bahri Yilmaz, “Turkey’s new Role in International Politics,”
Aussenpolitik,
45 (January 1994), 94.

32
.  Eric Rouleau, “The Challenges to Turkey,”
Foreign Affairs,
72 (Nov./Dec. 1993), 119.

33
.  Rouleau, “Challenges,” pp. 120-121;
New York Times,
26 March 1989, p. 14.

34
.  Ibid.

35
.  Brown, “Question of Turkish Identity,” p. 58.

36
.  Sezer, “Turkey’s Grand Strategy,” pp. 29-30.

37
.  Ciller, “Turkey in ‘the New World,’ ” p. 9; Brown, “Question of Turkish Identity,” p. 56; Tansu Ciller, “Turkey and NATO: Stability in the Vortex of Change,”
NATO Review,
42 (April 1994), 6; Suleyman Demirel,
BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, 2
February 1994. For other uses of the bridge metaphor, see Bruce R. Kuniholm, “Turkey and the West,”
Foreign Affairs,
70 (Spring 1991), 39; Lesser, “Turkey and the West,” p. 33.

38
.  Octavio Paz, “The Border of Time,” interview with Nathan Gardels,
New Perspectives Quarterly,
8 (Winter 1991), 36.

39
.  For an expression of this last concern, see Daniel Patrick Moynihan, “Free Trade
_p. 338
with an Unfree Society: A Commitment and its Consequences,”
National Interest,
(Summer 1995), 28-33.

40
.  
Financial Times,
11-12 September 1993, p. 4;
New York Times,
16 August 1992 p. 3.

41
.  
Economist,
23 July 1994, p. 35; Irene Moss, Human Rights Commissioner (Australia),
New York Times,
16 August 1992, p. 3;
Economist,
23 July 1994, p. 35;
Boston Globe
, 7 July 1993, p. 2;
Cable News Network,
News Report, 16 December 1993; Richard Higgott, “Closing a Branch Office of Empire: Australian Foreign Policy and the UK at Century’s End,”
International Affairs,
70 (January 1994), 58.

42
.  Jat Sujamiko,
The Australian,
5 May 1993, p. 18 quoted in Higgott, “Closing a Branch,” p. 62; Higgott, “Closing a Branch,” p. 63;
Economist,
12 December 1993, p. 34.

43
.  Transcript, Interview with Keniche Ohmae, 24 October 1994, pp. 5-6. See also
Japan Times,
7 November 1994, p. 19.

44
.  Former Ambassador Richard Woolcott (Australia),
New York Times,
16 August 1992, p. 3.

45
.  Paul Kelly, “Reinventing Australia,”
National Interest,
30 (Winter 1992), 66;
Economist,
11 December 1993, p. 34; Higgott, “Closing a Branch,” p. 58.

46
.  Lee Kuan Yew quoted in Higgott, “Closing a Branch,” p. 49.

Chapter 7

 
1
.  
Economist,
14 January 1995, p. 45; 26 November 1994, p. 56, summarizing Juppé article in
Le Monde,
18 November 1994;
New York Times,
4 September 1994, p. 11.

 
2
.  Michael Howard, “Lessons of the Cold War,”
Survival,
36 (Winter 1994), 102-103; Pierre Behar, “Central Europe: The New Lines of Fracture,”
Geopolitique,
39 (English ed., August 1992), 42; Max Jakobson, “Collective Security in Europe Today,”
Washington Quarterly,
18 (Spring 1995), 69; Max Beloff, “Fault Lines and Steeples: The Divided Loyalties of Europe,”
National Interest,
23 (Spring 1991), 78.

 
3
.  Andreas Oplatka, “Vienna and the Mirror of History,”
Geopolitique,
35 (English ed., Autumn 1991), 25; Vytautas Landsbergis, “The Choice,”
Geopolitique,
35 (English ed., Autumn 1991), 3;
New York Times,
23 April 1995, p. 5E.

 
4
.  Carl Bildt, “The Baltic Litmus Test,”
Foreign Affairs,
73 (Sept./Oct. 1994), 84.

 
5
.  
New York Times,
15 June 1995, p. A10.

 
6
.  
RFE/RL Research Bulletin,
10 (16 March 1993), 1, 6.

 
7
.  William D. Jackson, “Imperial Temptations: Ethnics Abroad,”
Orbis,
38 (Winter 1994), 5.

 
8
.  Ian Brzezinski,
New York Times,
13 July 1994, p. A8.

 
9
.  John F. Mearsheimer, “The Case for a Ukrainian Nuclear Deterrent: Debate,”
Foreign Affairs,
72 (Summer 1993), 50-66.

10
.  
New York Times,
31 January 1994, p. A8.

11
.  Quoted in Ola Tunander, “New European Dividing Lines?” in Valter Angell, ed.,
Norway Facing a Changing Europe: Perspectives and Options
(Oslo: Norwegian Foreign Policy Studies No. 79, Fridtjof Nansen Institute et al., 1992), p. 55.

12
.  John Morrison, “Pereyaslav and After: The Russian-Ukrainian Relationship,”
International Affairs,
69 (October 1993), 677.

13
.  John King Fairbank, ed.,
The Chinese World Order: Traditional China’s Foreign Relations
(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1968), pp. 2-3.

14
.  Perry Link, “The Old Man’s New China,”
New York Review of Books,
9 June 1994, p. 32.

15
.  Perry Link, “China’s ‘Core’ Problem,”
Daedalus,
122 (Spring 1993), 205; Wei
_p. 339
ming Tu, “Cultural China: The Periphery as the Center,”
Daedalus,
120 (Spring 1991), 22;
Economist,
8 July 1995, pp. 31-32.

16
.  
Economist,
27 November 1993, p. 33; 17 July 1993, p. 61.

17
.  
Economist,
27 November 1993, p. 33; Yoichi Funabashi, “The Asianization of Asia,”
Foreign Affairs,
72 (Nov./Dec. 1993), 80. See in general Murray Weidenbaum and Samuel Hughes,
The Bamboo Network
(New York: Free Press, 1996).

18
.  Christopher Gray, quoted in
Washington Post,
1 December 1992, p. A30; Lee Kuan Yew, quoted in Maggie Farley, “The Bamboo Network,”
Boston Globe Magazine,
17 April 1994, p. 38;
International Herald Tribune,
23 November 1993.

19
.  
International Herald Tribune,
23 November 1993; George Hicks and J.A.C. Mackie, “A Question of Identity: Despite Media Hype, They Are Firmly Settled in Southeast Asia,”
Far Eastern Economic Review,
14 July 1994, p. 47.

20
.  
Economist,
16 April 1994, p. 71; Nicholas D. Kristof, “The Rise of China,”
Foreign Affairs,
72 (Nov./Dec. 1993), 48; Gerrit W. Gong, “China’s Fourth Revolution,”
Washington Quarterly,
17 (Winter 1994), 37;
Wall Street Journal,
17 May 1993, p. A7A; Murray L. Weidenbaum,
Greater China: The Next Economic Superpower?
(St. Louis: Washington University Center for the Study of American Business, Contemporary Issues Series 57, February 1993), pp. 2-3.

21
.  Steven Mufson,
Washington Post,
14 August 1994, p. A30;
Newsweek,
19 July 1993, p. 24;
Economist,
7 May 1993, p. 35.

22
.  See Walter C. Clemens, Jr. and Jun Zhan, “Chiang Ching-Kuo’s Role in the ROC-PRC Reconciliation,”
American Asian Review,
12 (Spring 1994), 151-154.

23
.  Koo Chen Foo, quoted in
Economist,
1 May 1993, p. 31; Link, “Old Man’s New China,” p. 32. See “Cross-Strait Relations: Historical Lessons,”
Free China Review,
44 (October 1994), 42-52. Gong, “China’s Fourth Revolution,” p. 39;
Economist,
2 July 1994, p. 18; Gerald Segal, “China’s Changing Shape: The Muddle Kingdom?”
Foreign Affairs,
73 (May/June 1994), 49; Ross H. Munro, “Giving Taipei a Place at the Table,”
Foreign Affairs,
73 (Nov./Dec. 1994), 115;
Wall Street Journal,
17 May 1993, p. A7A;
Free China Journal,
29 July 1994, p. 1.

24
.  
Economist,
10 July 1993, pp. 28-29; 2 April 1994, pp. 34-35;
International Herald Tribune,
23 November 1993;
Wall Street Journal,
17 May 1993, p. A7A.

25
.  Ira M. Lapidus,
History of Islamic Societies
(Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1988), p. 3.

26
.  Mohamed Zahi Mogherbi, “Tribalism, Religion and the Challenge of Political Participation: The Case of Libya,” (Paper presented to Conference on Democratic Challenges in the Arab World, Center for Political and International Development Studies, Cairo, 22-27 September 1992, pp. 1, 9;
Economist,
(Survey of the Arab East), 6 February 1988, p. 7; Adlan A. El-Hardallo, “Sufism and Tribalism: The Case of Sudan,” (Paper prepared for Conference on Democratic Challenges in the Arab World, Center for Political and International Development Studies, Cairo, 22-27 September 1992), p. 2;
Economist,
30 October 1987, p. 45; John Duke Anthony, “Saudi Arabia: From Tribal Society to Nation-State,” in Ragaei El Mellakh and Dorothea H. El Mellakh, eds., Saudi
Arabia, Energy, Developmental Planning, and Industrialization
(Lexington, MA: Lexington, 1982), pp. 93-94.

27
.  Yalman Onaran, “Economics and Nationalism: The Case of Muslim Central Asia,”
Central Asian Survey,
13 (No. 4, 1994), 493; Denis Dragounski, “Threshold of Violence,”
Freedom Review,
26 (Mar./April 1995), 12.

28
.  Barbara Daly Metcalf, “The Comparative Study of Muslim Societies,”
Items,
40 (March 1986), 3.

29
.  Metcalf, “Muslim Societies,” p. 3.

_p. 340
30
.  
Boston Globe, 2
April 1995, p. 2. On PAIC generally, see “The Popular Arab and Islamic Conference (PAIC): A New ‘Islamist International’?”
TransState Islam, 
1 (Spring 1995), 12-16.

31
.  Bernard Schechterman and Bradford R. McGuinn, “Linkages Between Sunni and Shi’i Radical Fundamentalist Organizations: A New Variable in Middle Eastern Politics?”
The Political Chronicle,
1 (February 1989), 22-34;
New York Times,
6 December 1994, p. 5.

Chapter 8

 
1
.  Georgi Arbatov, “Neo-Bolsheviks of the I.M.F.,”
New York Times,
7 May 1992, p. A27.

 
2
.  North Korean views summed up by a senior U.S. analyst,
Washington Post,
12 June 1994, p. C1; Indian general quoted in Les Aspin, “From Deterrence to Denuking: Dealing with Proliferation in the 1990’s,” Memorandum, 18 February 1992, p. 6.

 
3
.  Lawrence Freedman, “Great Powers, Vital Interests and Nuclear Weapons,”
Survival
, 36 (Winter 1994), 37; Les Aspin, Remarks, National Academy of Sciences, Committee on International Security and Arms Control, 7 December 1993, p. 3.

 
4
.  Stanley Norris quoted,
Boston Globe,
25 November 1995, pp. 1, 7; Alastair Iain Johnston, “China’s New ‘Old Thinking’: The Concept of Limited Deterrence,”
International Security,
20 (Winter 1995-96), 21-23.

 
5
.  Philip L. Ritcheson, “Iranian Military Resurgence: Scope, Motivations, and Implications for Regional Security,”
Armed Forces and Society,
21 (Summer 1995), 575-576. Warren Christopher Address, Kennedy School of Government, 20 January 1995;
Time,
16 December 1991, p. 47; Ali Al-Amin Mazrui,
Cultural Forces in World Politics
(London: J. Currey, 1990), pp. 220, 224.

 
6
.  
New York Times,
15 November 1991, p. A1;
New York Times,
21 February 1992, p. A9; 12 December 1993, p. 1; Jane Teufel Dreyer, “U.S./China Military Relations: Sanctions or Rapprochement?”
In Depth,
1 (Spring 1991), 17-18;
Time,
16 December 1991, p. 48;
Boston Globe,
5 February 1994, p. 2; Monte R. Bullard, “U.S.-China Relations: The Strategic Calculus,”
Parameters,
23 (Summer 1993), 88.

 
7
.  Quoted in Karl W. Eikenberry,
Explaining and Influencing Chinese Arms Transfers
(Washington, D.C.: National Defense University, Institute for National Strategic Studies, McNair Paper No. 36, February 1995), p. 37; Pakistani government statement,
Boston Globe,
5 December 1993, p. 19; R. Bates Gill, “Curbing Beijing’s Arms Sales,”
Orbis,
36 (Summer 1992), p. 386; Chong-pin Lin, “Red Army,”
New Republic,
20 November 1995, p. 28;
New York Times,
8 May 1992, p. 31.

 
8
.  Richard A. Bitzinger, “Arms to Go: Chinese Arms Sales to the Third World,”
International Security,
17 (Fall 1992), p. 87; Philip Ritcheson, “Iranian Military Resurgence,” pp. 576, 578;
Washington Post,
31 October 1991, pp. A1, A24;
Time,
16 December 1991, p. 47;
New York Times,
18 April 1995, p. A8; 28 September 1995, p. 1; 30 September 1995, p. 4; Monte Bullard, “U.S.-China Relations,” p. 88,
New York Times,
22 June 1995, p. 1; Gill, “Curbing Beijing’s Arms,” p. 388;
New York Times,
8 April 1993, p. A9; 20 June 1993, p. 6.

 
9
.  John E. Reilly, “The Public Mood at Mid-Decade,”
Foreign Policy,
98 (Spring 1995), p. 83;
Executive Order 12930,
29 September 1994;
Executive Order 12938,
14 November 1994. These expanded on
Executive Order 12735,
16 November 1990, issued by President Bush declaring a national emergency with respect to chemical and biological weapons.

10
.  James Fallows, “The Panic Gap: Reactions to North Korea’s Bomb,”
National Interest,
38 (Winter 1994), 40-45; David Sanger,
New York Times,
12 June 1994, pp. 1, 16.