The Codebreakers: The True Story of the Secret Intelligence Team That Changed the Course of the First World War (46 page)

Cold War, 1947–91 305

Committee of Imperial Defence, British 4, 92

Committee on Public Information (CPI), US 220, 221

Conan Doyle, Arthur 131, 151

Conrad, Jessie 142

Constantine of Greece, King 137

Corell, Valentine 91

Cork Street, London 138–9, 260, 289–90

Costelloe, Ray 55–6

counter-espionage 69, 123, 215–16

Cressington Court
, SS 77

Criminal Investigations Department (CID), British 121

Crowley, Aleister 96, 223

Ctesiphon, Battle of 1915 240, 244

Cunard 26, 37, 38, 40–1, 42

Currie, Sir Arthur 278–80, 282

Cyprus 235–7, 242, 249

Czechoslovakia 70, 84, 96

D-Day, 1944 304

Daily Mail
119, 120

DAMS (merchant ships) 233

Dansey, Lieutenant Colonel Claude 214–15

Dar es Salaam wireless station 4

Dardanelles campaign, 1915–16 114–19, 156

Daugherty, James 179–80

Defence of the Realm Act (DORA), British, 1914 18, 148

Denniston, Alastair 16–17,
16
, 18, 19, 30, 57, 60, 230, 286, 288, 290, 302

Department of Justice, US 87, 91, 219–20

Deutschland
192–4,
193

Deuxième Bureau
269, 274

Devon
, SS 77

Devoy, John 143–4,
144
, 145, 148–9

DF (direction finding) stations 26, 102, 105, 158, 234, 235–7, 249

Diaz, Porfirio 188

Dilger, Anton 174–7, 204

Dilger, Carl 175

Dillingham, Charlie 95

diplomatic codes 3, 56–7, 60, 69, 71, 137, 139, 185–6, 192–3, 209, 289

Director of Naval Intelligence (DNI), British 11, 14, 284, 288
see also under individual director name

Directorate of Intelligence, British 293–4

Dixon, Professor W. E. 132

Dogger Bank, Battle of, 1915 29–30

Dönitz, Karl 231

Double-Cross system 304

Dougherty, George 74–5

Dougherty, Harry 74–5

Dougherty’s Detective Bureau and Mercantile Police 74–5, 77, 88, 183

Dowling, Joseph 211–12

dreadnoughts 22, 23, 25, 158, 159–60

Dresden
182

Duala wireless station, Cameroon 4

Duke of Clarence
, HMS 135

Dumba, Dr Constantin 85–6, 195

DuPont Powder Company 65, 77

Dyal, Har 222

E. V. Gibbons, New York 75, 77

Eagle Iron Works, New York 182

Earl of Lathom
43

Eastern Front 69, 166, 181, 253, 265

Eckardt, Heinrich von 194, 204

Edward VII, King 136

Egypt 28, 59, 123, 148, 153, 241–2, 246, 247, 248, 249

Egypt Expeditionary Force (EEF) 241, 242, 249–51

Einstein, Albert 296

El Progreso
206

en clair
communication 53, 163, 250, 276

Enemy Submarine Section (E1), British 229

Enigma machine 302–3, 304

Entzifferungsdienst (E-Dienst) (German deciphering bureau) 25

Erri Berro
134, 135

Espionage Act, US, 1917 221

Ewing, Sir Alfred 10–11, 18

‘F’ Building, Eddystone Ammunition Corporation, Chester, Pennsylvania, explosions at, 1917 256–7

Fabyan, George 225

Falaba
, SS 41–2

Fatherland, The
35, 40,
41
, 83, 197

Faudel-Philips, Benjamin 60

Fay, Robert 171–3,
172

Felton, Eddie 176

Ferdinand, Archduke Franz 35, 187

Festubert, Battle of, 1915 279

Fetterlin, Ernst 255

field set trench telephone
162
, 259

First World War, 1914–18: Armistice, 1918 286, 287; battles
see under individual battle name
; blockade of Germany 23–5, 35, 69, 74, 86, 114, 125, 145, 207, 208; casualties 33, 48, 65, 93, 95, 99, 104, 169, 237, 240, 258, 282; codebreaking
see under individual nation and institution name
; Eastern Front 69, 166, 181, 253, 265; financial cost of 93–4; gas attacks 93, 94, 174; Macedonia Front 138; Mediterranean theatre, 9, 20, 93, 95, 126, 129–40, 234, 235, 237, 239, 249; Middle East theatre 3, 57, 59, 69, 139, 140, 153, 235, 239–51, 300; nations
see under individual nation name
; naval warfare
see under individual battle or navy name
; North Africa and 3, 20, 23, 59, 131, 139, 299; U-boat warfare and
see
U-boats; Western Front 1, 2–3, 26, 56, 65, 93, 94, 96, 116, 141, 155, 161, 164, 165, 175, 226, 239, 251, 257, 258, 270–1, 277, 280, 281, 300
see also under individual area, battle and place name
; Zeppelin attacks
see
Zeppelins

Fisher, Lord 10, 115–16,
117
, 117–19, 121

Flynn, William 219

Foreign Office, British 60, 124, 126, 142, 143, 144, 155, 166, 196, 247, 290

Foreign Office, German 67, 146, 222

France 2–3, 34, 47, 48–9, 50, 51, 52, 53, 130, 132, 133, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 141, 163, 164, 166, 169, 175, 190,
191
, 199, 211, 214, 215, 216, 227, 237, 240–1, 254, 258, 261, 262, 265, 267, 269, 271–5, 276, 277, 280, 281, 297, 302; intelligence/codebreaking 2, 53, 163, 166, 215–16, 237, 269, 271–5, 276, 302

Franco-Prussian war, 1870 53

Fraser, John 137

Fraser, W. L. 230

French Morocco 132–3, 139

French, Sir John 93

Friedman, William 225

Fuchs, George 91

Für GOD system, German 139

Furious
, HMS 108

Gage, Vera 230

Gallipoli Campaign, 1915–16 93, 116–18, 137, 141, 240, 244

Galt, Edith 44

Gaunt, Captain Guy 14,
39
, 40, 69–70, 74, 77–9, 94–5, 96, 257

Gaza, First Battle of, March, 1917 249; Second Battle of, April, 1917 249–50

GCHQ 305

George V, King 136

Gerard, James 45–6, 56, 187

German Club, New York City 34, 44, 65–6, 73, 91, 145

German Embassies: Madrid 19–20, 60, 130, 136; Mexico 194; Washington DC 38, 40, 45, 60–3, 69, 71, 78, 92, 147, 148, 149, 192

German High Command (OHL) 174, 242

German Navy, Imperial 3, 11, 18–20, 21–6, 29–31, 33, 36–46, 52, 63, 71–2, 73, 76, 80, 85–7, 93, 99–100, 109, 130, 132, 133, 134–5, 136, 149, 150, 155, 156–61, 173, 182, 187, 192–4,
193
, 198, 203, 211, 226, 227–38,
228
, 239, 242, 254, 257, 265, 283–7, 297, 299, 303; High Seas Fleet 21–3, 24, 25, 29–30, 156–61, 283, 284, 286, 287; U-boats
see
U-boats
see also under individual commander, engagement and vessel name

Germany 1; Armistice, 1918 and 286, 287; blockade of, Allied 23–5, 35, 69, 74, 86, 114, 125, 145, 207, 208; Canada, attacks on 36, 64–8, 85, 180, 223; cipher keys 29, 52, 103, 105, 130, 139, 156, 227, 254, 286; code books 18–20, 59, 60, 69, 102–3, 106–8, 128, 139, 168, 192, 198, 237–8, 254, 260, 290; codebreakers 3, 25, 238; codes 18–20, 22, 52, 53, 59, 60, 69, 73–4, 77, 79, 82, 85, 86, 92, 102–3, 106–8, 128, 130, 139, 161, 163, 166–7, 168, 185, 192–9, 210, 233, 237–8, 241, 242, 251, 254, 255, 259–62, 273–5, 290; collapse of, 1918 283–6,
285
; destruction of global wireless infrastructure 4–5; First World War battles
see under individual battle name
; forces
see under individual force name
; interception of communications, first Allied 17–18
see also
Military Intelligence Section 1b – MI1(b) (British military codebreaking unit)
and
Room 40; Ireland and 141–2, 145–53; Mediterranean theatre and 9, 20, 93, 95, 126, 129–40, 234, 235, 237, 239, 249; Mexico, attempts to ignite conflict in 203–7; Moritz set and 162–5; naval attacks on Britain 21–2, 25; telephone procedures 166–7; U-boats
see
U-boats; United States, spies/sabotage attacks in 1, 59–64, 68–97, 171–84, 203–12; unrestricted submarine warfare, introduces 33–49, 71, 93, 141, 187, 193, 198, 208, 209, 273; wireless in aircraft 168; wireless invention and 4–5, 9–10; Zeppelins and
see
Zeppelins; Zimmerman telegram and
see
Zimmerman telegram

Ghadr
221, 222, 223, 225

Gill, Eric 234–6, 237, 241, 242, 249, 251, 303

Gilliat, Dorothy Mary 230

Ginzo
210

‘The Glass Tubes Affair’, 1916 132

Godfrey, John 297

Goldstein, Robert 221

Goltz, Holst von der 64–6

Gorman, Mary 150

Gotha bombers 109

Government Code & Cypher School (GC&CS), British 290, 300–5

Great Pyramid, Egypt 241

Great Yarmouth, Zeppelin attack on, 1915 100, 103

Greece 28, 29, 39, 55, 125, 129, 137–8, 139, 247, 273, 288

Gregory, Thomas 220

Grey, Nigel de 27, 60, 185, 198, 237

Hagn, Alfred 122–3

Haig, Sir Douglas 93, 163, 164, 262–3

Hall, Reginald ‘Blinker’ 11–15,
13
, 26–7, 30, 38, 40, 51, 57, 60, 69, 71, 74, 77, 79, 81–2, 86, 87, 92, 94, 95, 96, 103, 106, 107, 108, 113–28, 129, 130, 131, 132, 134, 135, 136, 138, 139, 140, 141, 145, 146, 147, 148, 152, 155, 161, 171, 177, 184, 185, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 204, 205, 207–8, 209, 210–11, 212, 228, 229, 231–2, 234, 237, 238, 247, 254, 255, 257, 271, 284, 286, 288–9, 293, 294, 295, 296–8, 300

Hambro, Lady Ebba 229–30

Hambro, Sir Everard 229

Hamburg America Line, New York City 61, 74, 83, 89, 90, 91, 95

Hamilton, Sir Frederick 117, 118

Handelsschiffs Verkehrsbuch
(HVB) 19, 20, 102–3, 106

Hankey, Maurice 92

Hardy, Thomas 131

Hartlepool, German attack on, 1914 21

Harvey, Miss 230

Harvey, Sir Ernest 230

Hay, Alice Ivy 51, 56

Hay, Malcolm 47–52, 56, 105, 124, 137, 138, 139, 140, 208, 239, 241, 254, 262, 289–91, 295–6, 300

Hayler, Miss 230

Headlam, Walter 28–9

Heinrich, Prince 73

Held, Martha 66, 183

Hendens Trust 94

Henderson, Admiral 230

Henderson, Miss 230

Henry of Prussia, Prince 20

Herschell, Lord Richard 81, 82, 118, 136

Hilken, Henry 175–6

Hilken, Paul 176, 177, 181, 183–4

Hindenburg Line 263, 281

Hindu-German conspiracy, 1917, 222–6

Hinsch, Frederick 176, 177, 181–2, 184

Hipper, Admiral Franz von 21, 22, 25, 29–30, 157, 158, 159

Hippisley, Bayntun 18

Hitchings, Captain Oswald Thomas 261–2, 271

Hitler, Adolf 65, 231, 296, 297, 303

Hitt, Captain Parker 192, 213, 216, 217;
Manual for the Solution of Military Ciphers
192, 213

Hoboken, New Jersey, bomb-making factory in 76, 77, 173–4

Hogarth, David 246–8

Hohler, Thomas 194–5

Hope, Captain H. W. W. 30, 155

Hopkinson, William 223

Horn, Werner 67, 68

Houghton, W. H. 83

House, Colonel Edward 84, 141, 194,
217
, 218

Howells, Major W. R. 147

Hoy, Hugh Cleland 103, 104–5, 107, 119, 133, 235

Huerta, General Victoriano 188–9

Hull, Zeppelin attacks on, 1915 104, 105–6

Hungarian codes 302

Hunstanton, Zeppelin attack on, 1915 100

Hussein, the Sharif of Mecca 248

hydrophone 233

Igel, Wolf von 181, 224

Illinois
198

‘The Indiscreet Use of Telephones’ (British army memo) 165

India 27–8, 56, 59, 60, 96, 131, 221–6, 239, 240, 243

India Office, London 60, 239, 243, 248

Indian Independence Committee 222

Ingenhol, Admiral Friedrich von 21–2, 29

Intelligence Police, US 269–70

Ireland 7, 42, 44, 63, 74, 85, 88, 96–7, 121, 141–53, 187, 193, 196, 211–12, 219, 222, 223, 238, 268, 299; Home Rule/Irish Question/Irish nationalist movement 96–7, 141–53, 196, 211–12, 223

Irish Brigade 145–53,
147
, 211–12

Irish Republican Brotherhood 144

Irish Volunteers 143, 144, 147, 148, 153

Italy 75, 89, 93, 126, 129, 138, 139, 149, 197, 211, 230, 237, 302, 303; intelligence/codebreaking 230, 237, 302, 303

ITOC (listening set) 166, 167

J. P. Morgan & Company 35–6, 74, 75, 177

Jackson, Captain Thomas 157–8, 160

Jagow, Gottlieb von 46

Jahnke, Kurt 182, 183, 203

Jamaica 65

James, Captain William ‘Bubbles’ 155–6, 238

Japan 64, 67, 139, 187, 188, 191, 196–7, 219, 225, 301

Jellicoe, Lord 23, 24,
24
, 25, 31, 135, 157, 158–9, 160, 161, 227, 288

John A. Roebling Company, Trenton, New Jersey 68

Johnson 17
177–80

Juno
, HMS 43

Jutland, Battle of, 1916 155, 157–61, 227, 283, 299

Kell, Vernon 124, 215

Kleist, Captain Karl von 76

Knox, Alfred Dillwyn (Dilly) 27–9, 55, 106–7, 156, 185, 230–1, 238, 287, 288, 300–2, 303, 304

Koenig, Paul 89–92,
90
, 183

Kristianiafjord
, SS 257

Kristoff, Michael 181–2, 183

Krohn, Baron Hans von 130, 134, 135, 136, 211

Krupp Industries 65, 221

Kut, siege and fall of, 1915 240, 245

Lansing, Robert 95, 196, 208, 212

Lawrence, T. E. 248–9, 251

Le Queux, William 123

Leader, Private Otis W. 265, 277

Lehigh Valley Railroad 179, 180, 181

Lenin, V. I. 254–5, 256

Lewisohn, Oscar 96

Leyden, Cornelius 180

Limburg Stirum, Count of 80–1

Lloyd George, David 231, 240, 285, 294

London, Zeppelin attacks on, 1915 99, 100, 101,
103
, 104, 106, 107, 108, 109

Loos offensive, 1915 93

Lord Erne
, SS 77

Louis, Solomon Bond 276–7

Lowestoft: DF station at 26; German naval attack on, 1916 157

Ludendorff, General Erich 281

Lusitania
, RMS 37, 38–46, 83, 85, 93, 173

Luxborg, Count 208–10

M. Martinez and Company 221

MacDonald, Ramsay 253, 297

Macedonia Front 138

Macgregor, Professor Duncan 262

Mackenzie, Compton 124–7,
126

Magdeburg
18–19, 20, 254