The Coming of the Third Reich (112 page)

Koussevitsky, Serge

Krebs, Hans

Krebs, Richard (‘Jan Valtin’)

Krefeld

Kreisler, Fritz

Krenek, Ernst:
Jonny Strikes Up

Kroll Opera House

Krupp

Krupp, Alfred

Kun, Bela

Kürten, Peter

Labour Ministry

labour movement

labour schemes, compulsory

Lagarde, Paul de

land law reform

land reform

Landauer, Gustav

Landgraf, Georg

Landsberg am Lech fortress gaol

Landshut

Lang, Fritz

Langbehn, Julius

Rembrandt as Educator

language

suppression of ethnic minorities’ languages

German

Lanz von Liebenfels, Jörg Late Romanticism

Latvia

Lausanne Conference (1932)

Law against Sexually Transmitted Diseases (1927; amended 1933)

Law for the Protection of the Republic

Law for the Restoration of a Professional Service (1933)

leadership

strong

myth of the dictatorial leader

Kaas on

‘leadership principle’

League of Antisemites

League of German Maidens

League of National Socialist Lawyers

League of Nations

Lebensraum
(‘living-space’)

Leber, Julius

Legien, Carl

Lehmann, Lotte

Leiden

Leipart, Theodor

Leipzig: army officers’ trial (1930)

Leipzig Gewandhaus orchestra

leisure

Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich

on the German Social Democrats

organizes a coup (1917)

peace settlement

and Bolshevik regime in Munich

Lenz, Fritz

Leopold Palace, Wilhelmsplatz, Berlin

Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim:
Nathan the Wise
(play)

Leuschner, Wilhelm

Levien, Max

Leviné, Eugen

liberal nationalism

liberalism

weak in Eastern and Central Europe by 1914

political

opposed by Italian Fascism

‘Jewish’

liberals

and funding of Prussian military machine

Prussian

and nationalism

new German Empire as fulfilment of their dreams

abandonment of liberal principles

and Catholicism

modest revival

left-wing

back Hindenburg (1932)

see also
German Democratic Party; German People’s Party; National Liberals; Progressives

Libermann von Sonnenberg, Max

Liebermann, Max

Liebknecht, Karl

Liege

Lieser, Karl

Lippe

literature

Lithuania

living standards

‘living-space’ see
Lebensraum

Lloyd George, David

Löbe, Paul

local authorities

Lochner, Louis

Lorraine

Lorre, Peter

Lossow, General Otto Hermann von

Louis6

Lower Bavaria

lower middle class

Nazis appeal to

Nazi Party members

Lower Silesia

Lübeck

Lüdecke, Kurt

Lüdemann, Hermann

Ludendorff, General Erich

First World War service

‘silent dictatorship’

claims that army was stabbed in the back

during the German Revolution

business funds

and Hitler’s putsch attempt of 1923

Tannenberg League

failure in 1925 elections

Goebbels impressed by

Lüderitz Bay, South-West Africa

Ludwig, Emil

Lueger, Karl

Luther, Martin

Luxemburg, proposed annexation of

Luxemburg, Rosa

M: Murderer Amongst Us
(film)

Macedonian assassination squads

Macke, August

Magdeburg war memorial

Mahler, Gustav

Malmédy

malnutrition

Mann, Heinrich

The Blue Angel
(film)

Man of Straw
(novel)

Mann, Thomas

Buddenbrooks
(novel)

The Confessions of the Swindler Felix Krull
(novel)

Death in Venice
(novella)

The Magic Mountain
(novel)

Mannheim

manual workers, and unemployment

Marc, Franz

‘March Fallen’

Marr, Wilhelm

invents the word antisemitism

The Victory of Jewry over Germandom Viewed from a Non-confessional Standpoint

marriage

civil

Jewish-Christian

sanctity of

and unemployment

papal encyclical of 1930

martial law

Marx, Karl

Marx, Wilhelm

Marxism/Marxists

class conflict and capitalism

Hitler denounces

Hitler promises to destroy

Maschmann, Melita

masculinity, crisis of

Maurice, Emil

Max von Baden, Fürst

May Day, 1933 (‘Day of National Labour’)

Mecklenburg

medical profession

Meinecke, Friedrich

on Germany’s growing obsession with world power

Germany’s militaristic spirit and industrial might

German narrowly technical education

German nation-state flawed from its foundation

liberal nationalist perspective

and the State Party

Meissner, Otto

Memel

Mendelssohn-Bartholdy, Felix

Mensheviks

mental asylums

mentally handicapped

mentallythe

killing of the

sterilization of the

mergers

meritocracy

Metropolis
(film)

Metternich, Clemens Wenzel Lothar Graf

Meyer, Hannes

middle class

‘unpolitical German’ concept

bourgeois values

and Jewish colleagues

youth movement

in Russia

outrage and disbelief at Versailles terms

and inflation

and youth movement

Nazi Party members

frightened of the Communists

and 1930 elections

attitude to Nazi violence

1932 Presidential election

1932 Reichstag elections

expectations of Hitler’s coalition partners

Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig militarism

Ministries of Education

Ministry for Popular Enlightenment and Propaganda

Ministry of Culture, Bavaria

Ministry of Justice

Ministry of Posts and Communications

misogyny

mobilization

‘spiritual’

modernism

modernist culture

Moeller van den Bruck, Arthur

Moholy-Nagy, László

Mommsen, Hans

Mommsen, Theodor

monarchism

monarchy

authoritarian

Habsburg

Hohenzollern

and the Free Corps

Brüning and

Prussian

‘Monist League’

monopolies

Moresnet

Moringen

Moscow

Mosse newspaper empire

Mössingen, Württemberg

Mühsam, Erich

Müller, Georg Alexander von

Müller, Hermann

Müller, Karl Alexander von

Müncheberg

Munich

gun-battles between rival political groups (1923)

revolutionary government

Free Corps invades (1919)

Schwabing district

general strike

Luitpold Gymnasium

‘White’ counter-revolutionary government

playground for extremist political sects

Hitler moves to

Nazi treatment of Ebert

‘People’s Court’

Goebbels’ propaganda headquarters

Communists demonstrate against new cabinet

hostage shootings

Munich Latest News
(
Münchner Neueste Nachrichten
)

Munich Technical High School

Munich University

Münster

Münzenberg, Willi

music

Mussolini, Benito

claims a total control of society

Garibaldi as a model for

Concordat (1929)

launches his Fascist movement

‘March on Rome’ (1922)

appointed Prime Minister

Nagy, Kaethe von

Namibia
see also
German South-West Africa

Napoleon Bonaparte

Napoleon III

Napoleonic wars

National Councils of Women

National Liberals

national organization of artisans and handicraftsmen

National Socialism (Nazism: National Socialist German Workers’ Party)

establishment of a one-party dictatorship in Germany

standard bibliography on

dismissal of Nazi ideology

violent, racist and murderous nature of

little resistance to the Nazi takeover

one of a number of European dictatorships at the time

and big business

triumph of

venomous hatred against Jews

version of German history

opposition to

Nazism and Stalinism compared

roots of Nazi ideology

electoral triumphs (1930-32)

‘one People, one Reich, one Leader’ slogan

antisemitism

racial hygiene

emerges from a political maelstrom of radical ideologies

its rise not inevitable

and a generation enthralled by war

eclectic Nazi ideology

Nationalists’ propaganda and policies prepare the way for

and education

buys the
Racial Observer

official Programme (1920)

Hitler becomes Party chairman

banned in most German states

paramilitary wing (‘Gymnastics and Sports Section’)

Mussolini’s example

Nazi salute

splits into factions

Rosenberg put in charge

becomes an illegal organization

in second Reichstag elections (1924)

Hitler refounds

‘socialist’ aspects of Nazi ideology

start of Party rallies

new structure

membership

and the farming community

takes over its first municipality

‘blood and soil’

Young Plan campaign

hatred of the Communists

idealism

promise to end political divisions

cult of violence

despises the law

funding

respectable face of

1930 elections

a catch-all party of social protest

vague programme

official anthem

statistics of clashes with Communists

Presidential election (1932)

state elections (1932)

becomes Germany’s most popular party

July 1932 Reichstag elections

November 1932 Reichstag elections

in decline

gains two major offices of state

crackdown on Communists

and Catholicism

takeover of the federated states

hatred of modern and atonal music

Party Propaganda office

disposal of ‘cultural Bolshevism’

racist language

arrests of journalists

view of art

Nazi ideology

contempt for democratic institutions

National Socialist Factory Cell Organization

National Socialist German Students’ League

National Socialist Revolution

National Socialist School Pupils’ League

National Socialist Teachers’ League

National Socialist War Victims’ Association

National Socialist Women’s Organization (
NS-Frauenschaft
)

nationalism

liberal

Herder and

Bismarck and

liberals and

in Europe

increasingly vociferous

Jews and

extreme

associations

and Allied occupation of western Germany (1920s)

in universities

and socialism

Bormann and

German

Nationalist Party

‘Fighting Leagues’ founded

formed

representation in the Reichstag

propaganda and policies prepare the way for Nazism

programme becomes more right wing

harks back to the Bismarckian Empire

snobbery and elitism

in the hands of enemies of democracy

financial donations to

and the press

vilifies Hirschfeld

antisemitism

and black French colonial troops

Bad Harzburg declaration

and the Grand Coalition

in 1930 elections

backs Hitler

July 1932 Reichstag elections

radical wing enters the government (1933)

and the torchlit parade in Berlin

March 1933 elections

protest about destruction of the legal order

pact with People’s Party

coalition with the Nazis

renamed

dissolution of student and youth organizations

Hugeriberg’s resignation

‘Friendship Agreement’

and Steel Helmets’ incorporation into the SA

‘nationalist revolution’

Nationalists (Spain)

nationalization

Navy Laws

Navy League

Nazi salute

Nazification

of theservice

of Northeim town council

government of Saxony

film workers

Ministries of Education

universities

Neithardt, Georg

Netherlands

Neu-Isenburg

Neukölln, Berlin

Neumann, Franz

Neumann, Heinz

Neurath, Konstantin Freiherr von

New Guinea

‘New Objectivity’ (
Neue Sachlichkeit
)

New York Philharmonic Orchestra

New York Stock Exchange crash (1929)

New York Times

Nibelungen
,
The
(film)

Nicholas, Tsar

Niederstetten

Nietzsche, Friedrich

Wagner compared to

‘will to power’ concept

‘superman’ concept

ideal human being concept

interpreted by his sister Elisabeth

spiritual elitism