The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics (138 page)

 
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See
gerrymandering
.

 
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Laws or government practices designed to separate whites and blacks in public and private facilities. Used in Southern states of the United States to preserve segregated schools, transport facilities, and housing, until the doctrine of ‘separate but equal’ was declared unconstitutional in 1954.

 
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From a British music-hall song of 1878: ‘We don't want to fight, yet by jingo! if we do, | We've got the ships, we've got the men, and got the money too.’ This was immediately taken up by those who wanted Britain to go to war with Russia, who were labelled ‘jingoes’ by the socialist G. J. Holyoake . Hence jingoism is aggressive militaristic patriotism.

 
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(1876–1948)
The first Governor-General of Pakistan. Led the struggle for the partition of India so that Muslims could form their own state. The call for the formation of Pakistan was made in 1940 by the Muslim League party led by Jinnah. The League claimed that the results of the 1937 elections which were held under the Government of India Act of 1935, when the Congress party failed to do well in the areas reserved for minorities, clearly showed that Muslims did not want to be ruled by a Hindu-dominated Congress party. Between 1940 and 1945 the Muslim League led by Jinnah made concerted efforts to crystallize Muslim opinion behind the idea of an independent Pakistan. Its efforts bore fruit when Pakistan became an independent nation-state on 14 August 1947. Jinnah died soon after, in 1948. Himself a British-educated lawyer, the lasting legacy of Jinnah has been realizing the idea of a Muslim state in Pakistan rather than a wider vision of a post-colonial society.
SR 

 
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In bicameral legislatures, joint committees, containing members of both houses, can be convened in order to co-ordinate activities, avoid duplicating work, or to discuss matters of common interest.
In the US Congress joint committees play an important legislative role. The two houses often pass substantially different versions of the same bill, in which case a joint committee, usually consisting of three members from each house, is convened. The joint committee seeks to find a compromise between the different versions of the bill, a procedure that often involves substantial redrafting. Joint committees are also convened to carry out congressional investigations, or to discuss business the two houses have in common, such as the running of common facilities, or arranging celebrations or memorials. There are also a number of permanent joint committees.

 
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