The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics (297 page)
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Authors: Iain McLean
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zoning
Zoning is the process whereby public authorities use whatever powers they have of controlling land-use in order to separate and concentrate different economic functions. Typically, they create residential, industrial, commercial, retail, and agricultural zones. Public authorities with powers over land-use almost invariably practice zoning in the belief that such policies produce better aggregate effects than an unzoned free market in land. For example, the belief that factories and dwellings should be kept apart is almost universal and has its roots in the traumas of early industrialization.
In many countries, such as Britain, zones are merely broad and flexible policies for land-use. But in the United States, zoning has acquired a much more precise legal status. Arising, originally, out of the desire to keep Chinese laundries out of ‘white’ residential areas in San Francisco in the 1880s, the legal propriety of zoning was confirmed by the Supreme Court in the case of
City of Euclid v. Amber Realty Company
in 1926 and, with a few exceptions (of which Houston is the largest) most American cities have used zoning ordinances since. Zones usually distinguish densities of residence as well as uses. However, zoning goes to the limits of tolerance of the constitution, especially of the protection of property rights in the
Fifth
and
Fourteenth Amendments
, and forms of zoning, including agricultural and undeveloped zones, have been declared to be ‘confiscatory’ and, therefore, unconstitutional. The history of American zoning has been a long conflict, largely taking place in the courts, between public authorities and environmentalists, who want to expand the powers of ordinances, and property owners and conservatives, who want to restrict them.
LA
In many countries, such as Britain, zones are merely broad and flexible policies for land-use. But in the United States, zoning has acquired a much more precise legal status. Arising, originally, out of the desire to keep Chinese laundries out of ‘white’ residential areas in San Francisco in the 1880s, the legal propriety of zoning was confirmed by the Supreme Court in the case of
City of Euclid v. Amber Realty Company
in 1926 and, with a few exceptions (of which Houston is the largest) most American cities have used zoning ordinances since. Zones usually distinguish densities of residence as well as uses. However, zoning goes to the limits of tolerance of the constitution, especially of the protection of property rights in the
Fifth
and
Fourteenth Amendments
, and forms of zoning, including agricultural and undeveloped zones, have been declared to be ‘confiscatory’ and, therefore, unconstitutional. The history of American zoning has been a long conflict, largely taking place in the courts, between public authorities and environmentalists, who want to expand the powers of ordinances, and property owners and conservatives, who want to restrict them.
LA
OXFORD
UNIVERSITY PRESS
The Concise Oxford Dictionary of
Politics
UNIVERSITY PRESS
The Concise Oxford Dictionary of
Politics
Contributors
with positions held as at 1 April 1995 General Editor
| Iain McLean | Official Fellow, Nuffield College, Oxford; Visiting Professor of Politics, University of Warwick |
| Alistair McMillan |
| Lincoln Allison | (LA) | Reader in Politics, University of Warwick |
| Alan Apperley | (AA) | Lecturer in Politics, University of Wolverhampton |
| Paul Arthur | (PA) | University of Ulster |
| Cyril Barrett | (CB) | Tutor in Philosophy, Campion Hall, Oxford |
| Jonathan Bradbury | (JBr) | Lecturer in Politics, University College of Wales, Swansea |
| Jim Bulpitt | (JBu) | Professor of Politics, University of Warwick |
| Peter Burnell | (PBI) | Senior Lecturer in Politics and Director of Graduate Studies in Politics and International Studies, University of Warwick |
| Peter Burnham | (PBm) | Lecturer in Politics, University of Warwick |
| Barry Buzan | (BB) | Professor of International Studies, University of Warwick |
| Peter Byrd | (PBy) | Lecturer in Politics and Director of Part-Time Degrees, University of Warwick |
| Ian Campbell | (IC) | Senior Lecturer in Politics, University of Warwick |
| David Carlton | (DC) | Lecturer in International Studies, University of Warwick |
| Mick Carpenter | (MC) | Senior Lecturer in Applied Social Studies, University of Warwick |
| Richard Crampton | (RC) | St Edmund Hall, Oxford |
| Ian Fraser | (IF) | Lecturer in Politics, De Montfort University, Leicester |
| Richard Gillespie | (RG) | Professor of Iberian and Latin American Studies, University of Portsmouth |
| Wyn Grant | (WG) | Professor of Politics, University of Warwick |
| Jack Gray | (JG) | Formerly Research Fellow, Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex |
| John Halliday | (JH) | Senior Lecturer in Politics, University of Warwick |
| Angela Hobbs | (AH) | Lecturer in Philosophy, University of Warwick |
| Paul Ingram | (PI) | Research Director, Oxford Research Group |
| Charles Jones | (CJ) | Senior Lecturer in International Studies, University of Warwick |
| Zig Layton-Henry | (ZLH) | Director, Centre for Research in Ethnic Relations, University of Warwick |
| John McEldowney | (JM) | Senior Lecturer, School of Law, University of Warwick |
| William Maley | (WM) | Australian Defence Forces Academy, Canberra |
| David Mervin | (DM) | Senior Lecturer in Politics, University of Warwick |
| Ivan Oliver | (IO) | Fellow, Department of Sociology, University of Warwick |
| Istvan Pogany | (IP) | Senior Lecturer, School of Law, University of Warwick |
| Shirin Rai | (SR) | Lecturer in Politics, University of Warwick |
| Andrew Reeve | (AR) | Reader in Politics, University of Warwick |
| Barbara Allen Roberson | (BAR) | Lecturer in International Studies, University of Warwick |
| Geraldine Skinner | (GS) | Lecturer in Politics, Manchester Metropolitan University |
| Carl Slevin | (CS) | Lecturer in Politics, University of Warwick |
| Keith Taylor | (KT) | Head of Politics and International Relations, University of Westminster |
| Stan Taylor | (ST) | Academic Staff Development Officer, University of Newcastle upon Tyne |
| Suruchi Thapar | (STh) | Research Officer, Centre for Studies of Women and Gender, University of Warwick |
| Geoffrey Underhill | (GU) | Lecturer in International Studies, University of Warwick |
| Daniel Wincott | (DW) | Jean Monnet Lecturer in Law and Politics, University of Warwick |
| Stephen Whitefield | (SWh) | Fellow and Tutor in Politics, Pembroke College, Oxford |
| Stewart Wood | (SW) | Research Fellow in Politics, St John's College, Oxford |
Iain McLean
Over 1,500 entries
Written by a team of leading political scientists, sociologists, philosophers, and political economists, this is the most authoritative and up-to-date dictionary of politics available. Ranging from John Adams and the Young Hegelians to Additional Member System and zero-sum game, this comprehensive and entertaining work offers international coverage of major political institutions, thinkers, and concepts. All significant political thinkers and designers of political institutions in the West are included, and special attention is give to Muslim and Chinese political thought. There are many entries on new and thriving branches of the subject, such as international political economy, voting theory, and feminism. The dictionary also gives clear and precise definitions of technical terms such as Condorcet winner, Droop quota, and ultra vires.
Iain McLean is Fellow in Politics at Oxford University and Visiting Professor of Politics at Warwick University, and the author of a number of books including
Dealing in Votes
and
Democracy and New Technology
.
ISBN 0198608535
© Oxford University Press 1996, 2002
First published 1996 as an Oxford University Press paperback
E-book copyright © 2003.
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