The Emperor of All Maladies: A Biography of Cancer (112 page)

Fleming, Alexander,
465
–66

Flemming, Walther,
340
,
341
,
344
,
364
,
365

fluorouracil,
154
,
220

foci, of cancer cells,
351
,
372
,
373
–74,
376
,
384

folic acid (folate),
28
,
29
,
31
,
406

Folkman, Judah,
387

Food and Drug Administration (FDA),
262
–63,
319
,
322
,
423
,
429
,
455

Foote, Emerson,
112
,
113
,
185

Ford, Edmund,
247
–48

“Forsaken Garden, A” (Swinburne),
461

Fortas, Abe,
264

Fortune
, 23–24,
25
,
227

fossil record,
248

Fowler, James,
445

Fox, Nelene,
321
–24

Fox Chase Cancer Center,
279

Framingham, Mass., longitudinal studies of,
444
–45

Frankfurter Anilinfarben-Fabrik,
85

“Frank Statement to Cigarette Smokers, A,”
250
,
252

Frei, Emil “Tom,”
129
–30,
132
,
133
,
134
,
137
–38,
139
,
140
,
153
,
162
–64,
206
,
228
,
260
,
375

at Dana-Farber,
310
–14

STAMP and,
310
,
311
,
312
,
314

VAMP and,
141
–42,
143
–47,
166
,
310

Freireich, Emil,
128
–30,
132
,
134
,
136
,
137
–38,
139
,
140
,
163
–64,
206
,
228
,
260
,
366

VAMP and,
141
–42,
143
–47,
166

Friend, Steve,
379
–80

fruit flies,
344
,
346
,
347
,
348
,
349
,
350

Furth, Jacob,
261

Galbraith, John,
23

Gale, Thomas,
48

Galen, Claudius,
46
,
48
–50,
52
–54,
55
,
79
,
90
,
158
,
214
,
238
,
281
,
342
,
434
,
463

gallbladder cancer,
465

Gallie, Brenda,
376
,
377

Gallo, Robert,
318

gangrene,
57

Gans, Hiram,
461

Garb, Solomon,
177
–78,
184
,
234

gastritis,
276
,
281
–84

gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST),
467
–70

Gay Men’s Health Crisis,
318

gay-related immune deficiency (GRID),
see
AIDS

Geller, Henry,
265
–66

gemcitabine (Gemzar),
154

Genentech,
413
,
414
–19,
423
–29

Herceptin trials of,
420
–22,
424
,
426
–29,
430

Nelson’s “funeral procession” at,
425
–26

genes, genomes,
6

as carcinogens,
see
oncogenes

as carried on chromosomes,
344

chimeras,
366
,
409
–10,
430
–31

as composed of DNA,
345

functional view of,
364
,
366
,
368
–69,
431
,
455

inherited traits transmitted by,
343
–44,
364
,
366

mechanism of,
345
–46,
364
–69

mutations of,
see
mutation, genetic

RSV and,
351
–52

sequencing of,
450
–54,
464

structural view of,
364
,
365
–66,
431
,
455

translocation of,
365
–66,
402
,
409
–10,
430
–31

tumor suppressor,
see
tumor suppressor genes

unidirectional flow of information from,
346
,
352
,
354

genetic anthropology,
278
–79

Germany, dye industry in,
82
–86

Ghosh, Amitav,
196

Gilbert, Rene,
159

Gilman, Alfred,
90

Gladwell, Malcolm,
302

Gleevec (imatinib):

CML and,
434
–40,
441
–43

as “four-minute mile” of cancer therapy,
439

GIST and,
467
–68

resistance to,
441
–43,
468

glioblastomas,
71

glioma, cell phones and,
446
–47

Glück, Louise,
405

Goldman, John,
436

Goldstein, David,
124
,
125
–26

Goldstein, Sonja,
124
–25

Goodfield, June,
1

Goodman, Louis,
90

Gorman, Michael,
393

Gornik, Heather,
330
–32

Gould, Stephen Jay,
37

graft-versus-host disease (GVHD),
309
,
437

Graham, Evarts,
72
,
242
,
260

laboratory experiments of,
254
–55,
456

lung cancer and death of,
250
,
256
–57,
258

tobacco-cancer study of,
244
–45,
246
–47,
252
,
253
–54,
256
,
260
,
263
,
401

Great Britain:

child labor in,
239

doctor registry in,
249
,
294

dye industry in,
82

Million Women Study in,
456

textile industry in,
81
–82

tobacco use in,
240

Great Depression,
109

Greaves, Mel,
46

Greco-Persian wars,
42

Greece, ancient, medical knowledge in,
47
–48

Greene, Mark,
411
n

growth hormone,
414
,
415

Grubbe, Emil,
75
–76,
77
,
78
,
195

Gustafson, Einar “Jimmy,”
96
–99,
172
,
395
–97

Guy’s Hospital,
156

gynecological diseases,
287

Haagensen, Cushman,
193
–94,
198

Haldane, J. B. S.,
6

Halley’s comet,
370

“Hallmarks of Cancer, The” (Weinberg and Hanahan),
390
–92,
443

Halsted, Caroline Hampton,
63

Halsted, William Stewart,
60
–69,
158
,
201
,
219
,
319

centrifugal theory of,
194
–95,
199

drug addictions of,
62
–64,
225

mistaken kindness scorned by,
65

radical surgery pioneered by,
6
,
23
,
60
,
64
–69,
70
–71,
73
,
78
,
173
,
193
–95,
196
,
197
,
198
,
218
,
225
,
291
,
463

Hamill, Peter,
259

Hamlet
(Shakespeare),
1

Hanafusa, Hidesaburo,
361
,
368

Hanahan, Douglas,
390
–92

Harlow, Ed,
403

Harmon, Steve,
305
–6,
399

Harvard Medical School,
18
–19,
27
,
30

Harvey, Gideon,
83

Hayes, Daniel,
426

hcg (choriogonadotropin),
136
,
137
,
138

Health Net,
322
–23,
324

Fox lawsuit against,
322
,
324

heart disease,
45
,
110
,
259
,
284

cholesterol and,
444

Heath, Jeff,
98

Heckler, Margaret,
318

Hegel, Georg,
202

Heister, Lorenz,
49

Helicobacter pylori
, 282–84,
303
,
456

Heller, John,
114

hematology,
27

hematopoietic stem cells,
458

hemophilia,
415

hepatitis:

acute,
280

chronic,
279
,
340

hepatitis B virus (HBV),
280
,
303

vaccine for,
281
,
290

hepatocellular cancer,
280

Her-2
gene,
413
,
414
–21,
423
,
425
–29,
454
,
464

Herceptin (Trastuzumab),
416
–22,
455
,
464

patient demands for access to,
423
–26

648 trial of,
427
–28

trials of,
420
–22,
423
,
424
,
426
–29,
430

heritability, of traits,
343
–44,
364
,
366

Hermann, I.,
335

Herodotus,
41
,
42

herpes,
342

Hertz, Roy,
135
,
136
–37

Hickam, John,
261

Hiepler, Mark,
322
,
324

high blood pressure,
444

Hill, Austin Bradford,
243
–44

causality postulates of,
255
–56

lung cancer studies of,
245
–46,
247
,
248
–49,
250
,
253
–54,
260
,
262
,
263
,
276
,
294
,
350
,
401
,
455

randomization protocols developed by,
131
–32,
243

Hill, John,
239
–40,
276

Hill, Lister,
107
,
117
,
179
,
184

HIP (Health Insurance Plan),
294
–96,
297

Hippocrates,
47
–48,
49
,
155
,
308
,
463

“straight into” expression of,
52

Hippocratic oath,
70

Hiroshima, bombing of,
119

Histories
(Herodotus),
41

Hitchings, George,
91
,
92

HIV,
14
n
,
165
,
318
,
356
,
424

HMOs (health maintenance organizations),
294

experimental therapy coverage denied by,
322
,
324
–25

Hodgkin, Thomas,
155
–58

Hodgkin’s lymphoma,
152
–53,
181
,
222
,
228
,
399

B symptoms of,
152
,
164

chemotherapy for,
163
–66,
208
,
308
,
315

discovery of,
155
–58

leukemia relapse as outcome of chemotherapy for,
165

as localized disease,
158
,
161
,
163

metastatic,
163

radiation therapy for,
159
–61,
163

remission rate of,
160
–61,
171
,
179
,
228
,
231
,
331
,
400
,
401
,
465

stages of,
160
–61,
163
,
164
–65

Hoechst Chemical Works,
86
,
87

Hofmann, August,
83

Holland, James,
130
,
167
n
,
184
,
430

Holleb, Arthur,
296

homosexuals, AIDS and,
315
–19

hormonal therapies:

adjuvant,
221
–22,
223
,
456

for breast cancer,
214
–17,
218
,
221
–22,
456
,
464
,
466

for prostate cancer,
213
–14,
222

hormones:

regulatory functions of,
211
–12

synthetic,
277

see also specific hormones

hospices,
225
–26

Hospital Dieu,
51

hospitals, proliferation of,
22

House of Representatives, U.S.,
186
–88

see also
Congress, U.S.

House That “Jimmy” Built, The
, 93

HTLV-1,
415

Huebner, Robert,
358
n

Huggins, Charles,
210
–13,
215
,
216
,
304

Human EGF Receptor (HER),
413