The Emperor of All Maladies: A Biography of Cancer (115 page)

Nazis,
290

Neely, Matthew,
25
,
173

negative statistical claims,
197
–98

Nelson, Marti,
424
–25,
429

“funeral procession” for,
425
–26

neoplasia,
16
,
42
,
385

neu
, 410–11,
412
,
413
,
420

neuroblastomas,
410
,
413

New England Journal of Medicine
, 35–36,
161
,
229
,
330
,
385

Newton, Isaac,
370

New York, HIP in,
294
–96,
297

New York, N.Y., AIDS in,
316
,
318

New York Amsterdam News
, 286

New York Times
,
24
,
26
–27,
105
,
117
,
119
–20,
180
–81,
183
,
319
,
327
,
455

Neyman, Jerzy,
197
–98

nicotine:

addictive properties of,
270
–71

see also
cigarettes; smoking; tobacco; tobacco industry

Nisbet, Robert,
193

nitrogen mustard,
207
,
220
,
257

bone marrow affected by,
88
,
90

DNA damaged by,
163
,
406

hyperplasia as halted by,
163
,
406

as mustard gas,
87
–88,
89
–90,
162
–63

nitrosoguanidine derivatives,
278

Nixon, Richard M.,
180
–81,
183
,
184
,
187
–88

Nobel Prize,
28
,
87
,
91
,
176
,
348
,
363

Norris Center,
323

Norton, Larry,
327
,
426

Novartis,
436
,
439

Nowell, Peter,
365

NSABP-04 trial,
200
–201,
203
,
220

Nuland, Sherwin,
38

Ochsner, Alton,
256
–57

Oedipus the King
(Sophocles),
321

Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD),
90
,
119

Oliver Twist
(Dickens),
239

oncogenes,
363
,
366
,
370
–71,
380
,
384
,
402
,
409
–11,
412
,
415
,
431
,
439
,
443
,
450
,
453
,
454
,
462
,
466

amplification of,
416

pathological hyperplasia induced by,
357
–59,
372
,
431

proto-,
see
proto-oncogenes

see also specific genes

oncology, oncologists,
304
,
433

AIDS and,
316
–17

death and,
4
,
306
–8,
337
–38

fellowships in,
2
–5,
168

origin of term,
47

overconfidence of,
223
,
226
,
231
–32,
234
,
308
,
310

palliative care and,
224
–26,
307

patients’ relationships with,
199
,
202
,
209
,
306
–8,
449

radiation,
see
radiation therapy

OncoMouse,
382
–83,
384

onkos
,
47

etymology of,
466
–67

“On Some Morbid Appearances of the Absorbent Glands and Spleen” (Hodgkin),
157

opiates,
226

Oregon Health and Science University (OHSU),
434

Orman, Ben,
151
–53,
155
,
399
–400

Osler, William,
45

osteosarcomas (bone tumors),
43

ovarian cancer,
59
,
162
,
346
,
381
,
450
,
451
,
457

ovaries, removal of,
214
,
215

Pacific yew tree,
206

Pack, George,
70
–71

Padhy, Lakshmi Charon,
410
–11

Page, Irvine,
187

paleopathology,
42

palliative care,
223
–26,
231
,
307

drug trials for,
226

pancreas,
154
,
414

pancreatic cancer,
154
,
158
,
450
,
451
,
465

Panel of Consultants,
184
,
188

Panzer, Fred,
270

Papanicolaou, George,
286
–90,
291
,
384
–85,
386
,
401

Papanicolaou, Maria,
287

papillomavirus,
174
,
349
n
,
381
n

Pap smears,
228
,
286
,
287
–90,
296
,
303
,
331
,
381
,
385
,
401

Paré, Ambroise,
49

Paris, University of,
51

Park, Roswell,
24
,
45

Parliament cigarettes,
269

Pasteur, Louis,
57

pathology, pathologists,
11
–12,
14

Hodgkin’s approach to,
156
–57

Patterson, James,
183

PCP (
Pneumocystis carinii
),
165
,
315
–16

Pearson, Egon,
197
–98

pectoralis major,
64
–65

pectoralis minor,
64

pellagra,
110

penicillin,
21
–22,
122
,
129
,
465
–66

Penicillium
,
122

Pepper, Claude,
26
n

peptic ulcers,
281
–84

Perkin, William,
81
–82,
83

pernicious anemia,
27
–28,
31

Peru,
42
–43

pesticides,
456
–57

Peters, Vera,
159
–60

Peters, William,
311
–15,
319
–20,
321
,
325
,
326
,
329

Peto, Richard,
241
,
249
,
273
–74,
462

pharmaceutical industry,
426

see also specific companies

Philadelphia chromosome,
365
,
430
–31

Philip Morris,
251
,
269
–71,
273

phlegm,
48

phosphorylation,
358
–59,
361
,
380
,
418
,
431
–32

Piccolo, Brian,
181

Pim, Isabella,
58

Pinkel, Donald,
123
,
167
–68,
170
,
178

pitchblende,
74

pituitary cells,
414

placebos, in randomized trials,
131
–32,
319

placenta,
135
,
219

platelets,
18

Plato,
370

Pneumocystis carinii
(PCP),
165
,
315
–16

pneumonectomy,
242

pneumonia,
45

PCP,
165
,
315
–16

Poet Physicians
,
60

polio,
22
,
229
,
342
,
466

national campaign against,
93
–94,
175

Popper, Karl,
370

population, U.S., aging of,
230

Postmortem Examination, The
(Farber),
19

Pott, Percivall,
173
,
237
–39,
241
,
276
,
447

precancer,
286
,
306
,
455

Auerbach’s research on,
258
–59,
284
,
289

prednisone,
127
,
140
,
143
,
149

see also
VAMP regimen

Premarin,
213

preventive medicine,
281

epidemiology and,
290

see also
cancer prevention

procarbazine,
162
,
164

product-liability lawsuits,
269
–73,
401

progesterone,
456

“Progress Against Cancer?” (Bailar and Smith),
229
,
231
–32,
329
–30

Prohibition,
262

promyelocytes,
407
–8,
409

prostate,
211
–13,
215

prostate cancer,
211
,
443

in dogs,
212
–13

hormonal therapy for,
213
–14,
222

remissions in,
214

surgical removal of,
59
,
71
,
216

prostatectomy, radical,
71

prostatic fluid,
211
–12

protein drugs,
414

proteins,
345
–46,
442

as molecular switches,
387

phosphorylation of,
358
–59,
361
,
380
,
418
,
431
–32

signaling pathways of,
387
,
388
,
389
,
402
,
406
,
432
,
443
,
453
–54,
457
,
458
,
464
–65

structural view of,
432

protocols (clinical trials):

for ABMT,
325
–26

for breast cancer,
200
–201,
294
–302,
420–22,
423
,
424
,
426
–29

for choriocarcinoma,
135
–38,
139

conflicts of interest in,
198

for, CML,
436
–38

for Hodgkin’s lymphoma,
163
–66,
208

for leukemia,
132
–34,
135
,
139
,
140
–42,
143
–50

of mammography,
294
–302

multi-institutional,
207
–8

for palliative care,
226

randomization in,
131
–32,
160
,
243
,
293
,
298
–300,
302
,
314
,
319
,
321
,
426

proto-oncogenes,
361
–63,
364
,
369
,
370
,
380
,
384
,
412

activation of,
386
–87,
388
,
406
,
407

pteroylaspartic acid (PAA),
33

public health and hygiene,
22

Public Health Service, U.S.,
257
,
259
,
260

purines,
92

pus,
13
,
14

radiation,
74
–75

as carcinogen,
75
,
77
–78,
347
,
364
,
389

radiation therapy,
23
,
154
,
158
–59,
405

for breast cancer,
75
–76,
77
,
158
,
161
,
195
,
464

chemotherapy in combination with,
123
–24,
154
,
168
–70,
400

extended field,
159
–61

for Hodgkin’s lymphoma,
159
–61,
163

involved field,
160

local surgery combined with,
195
–96,
197
,
464

for lung cancer,
158
,
403

for lymphomas,
77
,
158

radium in,
76
,
195

staging and,
160
–61

X-rays in,
75
–76,
158
–59

radical surgery,
6
,
59
,
60
,
304
,
308
,
406

see also
mastectomies, radical

radio,
see
broadcast media

radium:

discovery of,
74
–75,
76

radiation poisoning from,
74
–75,
77
–78,
173
,
347

in radiation therapy,
76
,
195

Radium girls,
78
,
278

Ramazzini, Bernardino,
238

Ramses V, King of Egypt,
41

randomization of trials and studies,
131
–32,
160
,
243
,
247
,
293
,
294
,
302
,
314
,
319
,
321
,
426

ras
gene,
374
–75,
376
,
379
–80,
383
,
384
,
385
,
387
,
388
,
391
,
410
,
412
,
431
n
, 453–54,
458