The Emperor of All Maladies: A Biography of Cancer (114 page)

surgical removal of,
59
,
72
,
256

in women,
331

lung disease,
259

Lydon, Nick,
432
–33,
434
,
435

lymph nodes,
157

surgical removal of,
58
,
65
,
194

lymphoid cells,
17

lymphomas,
151
–52,
228
,
316

chemotherapy for,
90
–91,
96
–97,
122
,
132
–34,
135
,
162
,
401
,
443

cure rate of,
233

Hodgkin’s,
see
Hodgkin’s lymphoma

radiation therapy for,
77
,
158

relapses of,
91

Lynch, Henry,
381

Lynch, Thomas,
307
–8,
403
–4

Lynch syndrome,
381

McGregor, Marilyn,
429

Madagascar periwinkle,
139

magic bullets,
86
–88,
222
,
304

Magic Mountain, The
(Mann),
38

Magnuson, Warren,
25

Magrath, Ian,
207

malaria,
245

Malmö, Sweden,
298
,
300
–301

Malmö Mammography Study,
300
–301

malnourishment, anemia and,
28
–29

mammography,
44
,
228
,
290
–91

benefits of, as age-dependent,
300
–302

Canadian trial (CNBSS) of,
298
–300,
302

Edinburgh trial of,
298

HIP trial of,
294
–96,
297

metastasis and,
302
–3

mortality rates and,
296
,
297
,
300
–301,
331
–32,
402

NCI project (BCDDP) for,
296
–98,
302

Swedish trials of,
298
,
300
–301

Manhattan Project,
119
,
120
,
186

Mann, Thomas,
38

March of Dimes,
94

marijuana, as antiemetic,
205

Marine Hospital, U.S.,
26

Marlboro Man,
251

Marmite,
28

Marshall, Barry,
276
,
281
,
282
–84,
456

Martin, Steve,
358

Masi, Phil,
97
–98

Massachusetts,
325

Massachusetts General Hospital,
3
,
56
,
223
,
320
,
390
,
398
,
403
,
437
,
451

mastectomies,
49
,
419

of Atossa,
5
,
41
–42,
463

disfigurement from,
65
–66,
294

prophylactic,
457
–58,
464

radical,
23
,
64
–72,
73
,
109
–10,
173
,
193
–95,
196
,
197
,
198
–201,
202
,
218
,
219
,
225
,
294
,
463

simple (local),
67
,
197
,
201
,
464

success rate of,
66
–69

Master Settlement Agreement (MSA),
273

Matter, Alex,
432
–33

mauve,
81
–82

Mayer, Robert,
130
–31,
311
,
326
,
328

Mayfield, Jerry,
441
,
442
–43

MD Anderson Cancer Center,
147
,
366
,
438

measurement:

of leukemia,
19

of negative claims,
167
–68

of radiation,
74

in War on Cancer,
227
,
231
,
232
–33

Medical and Chirurgical Society,
157

Medical Journal of Australia
, 283

Medical Research Council (British),
131
,
243
–44

Medical World News
, 349

medicine:

synthetic chemistry and,
83
–84

as technological art,
462

Mek protein,
387
,
454

melanoma,
451

Memorial Sloan-Kettering,
92
,
135
,
138
,
167
n
,
184
,
234
,
424

Mendel, Gregor,
343
–44,
346
,
364
,
366
,
369

meningiomas,
71

menopausal symptoms,
456

Mercer, Robert,
34

Merck,
21

Meselson, Matthew,
345

meta-analysis,
261

metastasis, metastases,
16
,
38
,
39
,
55
,
58
,
123
,
135
,
136
,
154
,
161
,
196
–97,
204
,
223
,
391
,
442
,
465
,
467

of breast cancer,
67
,
76
,
161
,
217
,
218
,
302
–3,
314
,
322
,
325
,
329
,
419
,
422
,
424
,
463
,
465

of Hodgkin’s lymphoma,
163

as inevitable,
79

of lung cancer,
208
,
256
,
267
,
268
,
307
,
389
–90,
403

methotrexate,
127
,
132
–33,
137
,
138
,
140
,
162
,
164
,
219
,
220
,
338

Mexico, cigarette regulation in,
274

Meyer, Willy,
65
,
78
–79,
80
,
219

mice, transgenic,
382
–83,
384

microtubules,
140

Middle Ages, medical knowledge in,
49
–50,
51
–53

Million Women Study,
456

Milosz, Czeslaw,
116

Milstein, Cesar,
417
,
419

Ministry of Health, British,
243

Ministry of Health, Mexican,
274

Minot, George,
27
–28,
29

Mississippi, antitobacco lawsuit of,
272
–73

mitosis
, 451

mitosis, pathological,
348
,
351
,
355
,
359
,
387
,
391

see also
hyperplasia, pathological

Mizutani, Satoshi,
353

molecular biology, “central dogma” of,
346
,
352
,
354
,
357

molecular pumps,
442

molecules:

decoy,
31
,
87

structural view of,
432

as switches,
28

see also
receptors

Moloney, William,
143

Monod, Jacques,
20
,
345
,
346

mononucleosis,
175

Montagnier, Luc,
318

Moore, Charles,
64

Moore, Michael,
272
–73

MOPP,
164
–66,
208

Morbid Anatomy of Some of the Most Important Parts of the Human Body, The
(Baillie),
53

Morgan, Thomas Hunt,
344
,
346
,
347
–48,
364

Morison, Robert,
116

morphine,
63
,
149
,
225

mortality rates, of cancer,
xi
,
25
,
105
,
228
–30,
293
,
401

age-adjusted,
230
–31,
232
–33,
330

of breast cancer,
296
,
297
,
300
–301,
401
–2

dynamic equilibrium in,
330
–31

mortality rates, of tuberculosis,
229

Morton, William,
56

motility, of cancer cells,
386
,
387
,
388

see also
metastasis, metastases

MRIs,
457
,
464

Mukherjee, Leela,
398

Mukherjee, Siddhartha:

Berne and,
467
–70

and daughter’s birth,
398
–99

as oncology fellow,
2
–5,
168
,
190
,
305
–6,
307
–8,
337
,
390
,
398
–99,
437
–38,
467

Orman and,
152
–53,
399
–400

palliative care suggested by,
223
–24

Reed and,
2
–3,
7
,
17
–18,
127
,
168
–69,
190
,
337
,
338
–39,
400
,
448
–49

Sorenson and,
153
–55

tobacco-cancer link in patients of,
274
–75

Muller, Hermann Joseph,
347
–48

multidose regimens,
see
chemotherapy, high-dose multidrug regimens in

multiple myeloma,
309
,
443
–44

mummies, cancer in,
43
,
45

Murayama, Hashime,
288

Murphy, Mary Lois,
92

mustard gas,
see
nitrogen mustard

mutagens, mutagenesis,
278
,
303
,
347
,
348
,
362
,
364
,
406
,
456

mutation, genetic,
377

in bacteria,
277
–78

Cancer Genome Atlas and,
450
–54

causes of,
see
mutagens, mutagenesis

driver (active),
453

frequency of,
451
–52

in fruit flies,
347

functional vs. structural view of,
455

as governing all aspects of cancer,
387
–88,
462

as mechanism of carcinogenesis,
6
,
39
,
176
,
278
,
357
,
362
,
370
,
380
–83,
384
–88,
390
–92,
403
,
406
,
449
–50,
462
,
464
–65

passenger (passive),
452
–53

see also
oncogenes

myc
(
c-myc
) gene,
382
–83,
384
,
391
,
410
,
412
,
453
–54,
458

mycobacteria,
84
,
131

myelodysplasia,
306
,
309
,
312

myeloid cells,
16
–17

Myriad Genetics,
381

Nathan, David,
140

National Alliance of Breast Cancer Organizations (NABCO),
327

National Breast Cancer Coalition (NBCC),
426
,
429

National Cancer Act (1971),
188
,
189

National Cancer Institute (NCI),
15
,
114
,
130
,
158
,
159
,
166
,
177
,
188
,
228
,
231
,
318
,
325
,
330
,
339
,
374
,
393
,
443

chemotherapy protocols of,
132
–42,
143
–50,
164
–66,
206
–8,
219
–20,
232
,
310
,
317

Clinical Center of,
128
–29,
139
,
145
,
162
,
165
,
260

creation of,
25
–26

Institutional Board of,
137

mammography project (BCDDP) of,
296
–98,
302

Pap smear trial of,
289
–90

preventative strategies neglected by,
233
–34

Special Virus Cancer Program of,
175
–76,
280
–81,
356
,
357

National Cancer Institute Act (1937),
25

National Health Service, British,
294

National Institutes of Health (NIH),
25
n
, 121,
187
,
188
,
202
–3,
260
,
319

National Library of Medicine,
261

National Program for the Conquest of Cancer
, 184

National Science Foundation (NSF),
121

National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP),
200
–201

National Tuberculosis Association,
259

natural selection,
248

Nature
, 354,
379

Nature Medicine
,
435

nausea, from chemotherapy,
165
,
205
–6,
209
,
226
,
305