The Emperor of All Maladies: A Biography of Cancer (117 page)

for breast cancer,
58
,
62
,
195
–96,
197
,
201
,
402
;
see also
mastectomies

evolution of,
55
,
61
–62,
66

infection as risk of,
56
–57

local, combined with radiation therapy,
195
–96,
197
,
464

for lung cancer,
59
,
72
,
256

as performance,
66

radical,
see
mastectomies, radical; radical surgery

removal of tumors through,
41
,
49
–50,
55
,
58
–59

survival rates, bias in,
229
–30

SV
40
,
349
n

Sweden:

ABMT trial in,
326

mammography trials in,
298
,
300
–301

Swinburne, Algernon Charles,
461

Sylvester, Robert,
34

Symington, Stuart,
186

syphilis,
86
,
157
,
238

Tabin, Cliff,
383

Taft, William Howard,
24
–25

Talman, William,
266
–67

Talpaz, Moshe,
436
,
437
,
438
,
441
,
442

tamoxifen,
216
–17,
218
,
221
–22,
407
,
456
,
457
,
464
,
466

Tarceva,
455

targeted therapies,
405
–11,
412
,
443
,
455

for APL,
407
–10

for breast cancer,
413
–22,
454
,
464
,
465

for, CML,
430
–40,
441
–43

Tatum, Edward,
345

Taxol,
206
,
403
–4,
427
–28

technology,
466

medicine as,
462

television,
see
broadcast media

Temecula, Calif.,
321
–22,
324

Temin, Howard,
350
–55,
357
–58,
359
,
361
–62,
371
,
372

Tenth International Cancer Congress,
353
–54

teratoma,
152

Terry, Luther,
259
–60,
262
–63

testicular cancer,
181
,
204
–5,
208
,
228
,
331
,
401

testosterone,
212
–13,
214
,
215

tetracycline,
22

thalidomide,
199
,
443

thioguanine,
127

Thomas, E. Donnall,
309
,
434

Thomas, Lewis,
430

Thomas Aquinas, Saint,
393

Thoreau, Henry David,
38

Through the Looking-Glass
(Carroll),
441
,
443

thymoma,
152

thyroid cancer,
152
,
212

thyroid hormone,
212

Time
, 22,
24
,
25
,
103
,
178

tobacco:

bacterial mutations caused by,
278

British addiction to,
240

oral cancers linked to,
239
–40

U.S. production of,
240

see also
cigarettes; nicotine; smoking; tobacco industry

tobacco-cancer link,
276
,
290
,
364
,
388

antitobacco campaigns and,
401
,
446

author’s encounters with,
274
–75

causality dispute in,
253
–56

Doll/Hill studies and,
245
–49,
250
–51,
253
–54,
260
,
262
,
263
,
276
,
294
,
350
,
401
,
455

J. Hill’s pamphlet on,
239
–40,
276

lag time in,
272

as obscured by prevalence of smoking,
241
–42

public policy and,
257
,
259
–62

secondhand smoke and,
260

surgeon general’s report on,
260
–62,
264
,
267
,
401

tobacco industry and,
250
–53,
258
,
259
,
260
,
264

Wynder/Graham study and,
244
–45,
246
–47,
252
,
253
–55,
256
,
260
,
263
,
401

tobacco industry:

advertising by,
250
–51,
263
–64,
265
–67,
268
,
273

developing countries targeted by,
273
–74

government regulation of,
262
–65,
273

Master Settlement Agreement and,
273

political power of,
259
,
260
,
264
,
273

product-liability lawsuits against,
269
–73,
401

public relations campaigns by,
250
–53,
258
,
266

women targeted by,
268

Tobacco Industry Research Committee (TIRC),
253
,
264

Tobacco Research Institute,
270

tobacco tokens,
246

Tocqueville, Alexis de,
107
–8

Todaro, George,
358
n

tongue cancer,
274

total therapy (chemotherapy plus radiation),
123
–24,
154
,
168
–70

toxicity, of chemotherapy,
43
–44,
168
,
208
,
305
,
309
,
320

traits, heritability of,
343
–44,
364
,
366

transfusions,
196
,
280

transgenic mice,
382
–83,
384

trans-retinoic acid,
408
–10

Trastuzumab,
see
Herceptin

Traut, Herbert,
288

Treponema pallidum
, 86

Tripathy, Debu,
424

True cigarettes,
269

Truman, Harry,
117
,
120

Truth or Consequences
,
97
–99

Trypanosoma gondii
, 85

Trypan Red,
85

tuberculosis,
24
,
41
,
72
,
84
,
87
,
157
,
175
,
256

in ancient world,
44

as iconic
19
th century disease,
37
–38,
45

mortality rates from,
229

naming of,
47

public hygiene and,
22

streptomycin and,
131
–32

tumors,
16
,
19

angiogenesis of,
387
,
388
,
389
,
391
,
407
,
443
,
458

Baillie’s descriptions of,
53
–54

bone,
43

brain,
71
–72

chemotherapy for,
122
–23,
154
,
207
,
308
–9

in Galenic theory,
48
–49

malignant vs. benign,
47
,
56

metastasis of,
55
,
67
,
135
,
136
,
154
,
195
–96,
302
–3,
389

premetastatic,
302
–3

radiation therapy for,
76
,
77
,
154
,
158
–59

stages of,
55
,
67
,
160
–61,
218

surgical removal of,
41
,
49
–50,
55
,
58
–59

see also specific cancers

tumor suppressor genes,
368
–69,
376
,
380
,
381
,
384
,
385
,
402
,
412
,
450
,
453

inactivation of,
386
–87,
389
,
391
,
406
,
407

Turner, Charlotte,
325

two-hit hypothesis,
367
–69,
376
,
377
,
380

typhoid fever,
22
,
24

typhus,
41
,
46

Uganda,
204
n

Ullrich, Axel,
414
–18,
420
,
427
,
433

umbilical blood,
398
–99

Undark,
77

United Kingdom,
see
Great Britain

uranium,
74

Urban, Jerome,
193
,
198

urea,
83
,
84

urological cancers,
71

U.S. Radium,
77
–78

uterine cancer,
59
,
277
,
306
,
331

Uzbekistan, cigarette consumption in,
274

vaginal cancer,
277

VAMP regimen,
142
,
143
–50,
165
,
310

consortium opposition to,
144

relapses and,
166

remissions and,
145
–46

survivors of,
148
–50

Zubrod’s opposition to,
143

Variety Club of New England,
95
,
172

Varmus, Harold,
360
–63,
364
,
365
,
369
,
370
,
371
,
375
,
380
,
439

vectors, for infectious diseases,
245

Velcade (bortezomib),
443

Venet, Louis,
294
–95,
296

Verghese, Abraham,
308

Veronesi, Umberto,
220

Vesalius, Andreas,
51
–53,
54
,
59
,
211
,
434
,
455

Vietnam War,
187
,
207

vinblastine,
205

vincristine (Oncovin),
127
,
139
–40,
143
,
149
,
162
,
164
,
406

see also
VAMP regimen

Virchow, Rudolf,
13
–16,
18
,
237
,
340
,
430
,
431
,
455

Virginia, tobacco production in,
240

Virginia Slims cigarettes,
267
,
268
–69

virology, virologists,
349
–56,
357
–62,
364
,
371
,
466

viruses:

as carcinogens,
173
,
174
–76,
278
–81,
303
,
342
–43,
349
–50,
351
–56,
362

RNA forms of,
see
retroviruses

Visco, Frances,
426
,
427
,
429

vitalism,
83

vitamin B
₁₂
,
28
,
31

Vogelstein, Bert,
384
–86,
448

Cancer Genome Atlas and,
450
–54

Vogt, Peter,
358

Volberding, Paul,
317
,
424

Volkmann, Richard von,
62
,
64
,
67

Voltaire,
143

von Hansemann, David Paul,
340
–41,
366

Waksman, Selman,
122

Wall Street Journal
, 181

Walpole, Arthur,
216
,
304

Walters, Barbara,
186

Wang, Zhen Yi,
408
–1

war gasses,
87
–88,
89
–90

Warm Springs Foundation,
94

War on Cancer,
121
,
172
–73,
313
,
329
,
330
,
332
,
350
,
455

Apollo space program as analogous to,
178
–79

defining success in,
461
–63,
465

Farber and,
114
,
118
,
122
,
150
,
155
,
178
,
180
,
184
,
188
,
190
,
234

measuring progress in,
227
,
231
,
323
–33

M. Lasker and,
113
–14,
117
–18,
122
,
155
,
177
–78,
179
,
183
–86,
188
–89,
191
,
234
,
296
,
402
,
403

Nixon and,
180
–81,
184
,
187
–88

Panel of Consultants in,
184
,
188

Times
ad in,
180
–81,
183

Warren, Robin,
281
–84,
456

Washington Post
,
32
,
73
,
180
–81

Watson, James,
89
,
186
–87,
393
,
455