Authors: Yuri Pines

Tags: #General, #History, #Ancient, #Political Science, #Asia, #History & Theory, #China

The Everlasting Empire (60 page)

BOOK: The Everlasting Empire

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Index

Abrahamic religions, 58.
See also
Christianity; God Almighty

academies, private, 91–92, 118, 197n39

Alaska, 189n42

“All-under-Heaven” (
tianxia

), 20, 2223, 44–45, 51,
59
, 63, 75, 85, 100, 104, 139, 144, 153; as focus of intellectuals’ concern, 16–18, 76; limits of, 32–37, 40; unity of, 3, 5, 11, 17–18, 20, 29–30, 32, 37, 40, 41, 46, 74, 165.
See also
unity, political

alliances (covenants), 13–14, 27, 30, 34

An Lushan (

, d. 757), rebellion of (755–762), 26–27, 112, 135, 193n37

Analects
143.
See also
Confucius

anarchism, 16, 164

antihierarchical mind-set, 154–156

archaeology, 12

aristocracy, 62, 76, 78, 107; in Han, 111; from Han to Tang, 63, 111; in Qing, 125; in Springs-and-Autumns period, 14–15, 47, 78–79,105–107, 126, 137, 187n7; in Tang, 111–114, 133, 199n20.
See also
bannermen,
shi

armies, 13, 26, 28, 31, 49, 110, 161–162, 164, 169; chariot-based, 15; and conscripts, 138; in Han, 34–35; infantry, 15; led by the ruler, 46, 67, 71; mass armies, 20, 202n8; in Qin, 20, 33–34; of rebels, 149, 153–154, 163; Terracotta Army, 54.
See also
warlords

assemblies, popular, 137–138.
See also
provincial assemblies

authoritarianism, 5, 16, 48, 64, 185n4.
See also
monarchism

Balazs, Etienne (István) (1905–1963), 7

bandits, 135, 144, 145–146, 148, 150–151, 154, 157–158, 176, 203n31, 204n48

bannermen, Manchu, 125

baojia
(

) system, 116, 118, 125, 200n28

Beijing, 71,
99
, 167, 174

bodhisattva, 57

Bol, Peter, 115–116, 124

book burning (213 BCE), 85–86

Book of Documents
(
Shu jing

), 86, 137, 202n5

Book of Songs
(
Shijing

), 62, 86

bourgeois-democratic revolution, 172

Boxer War (1900), 163

Brook, Timothy, 191n77

Buddha, 57.
See also
Buddhism; Maitreya

Buddhism, 42, 57, 77,
95
, 123, 127, 146147, 164, 193n33; community-oriented activities, 118, 200n33; and the imperial state, 60–61, 90, 193n41, 193n43

bureaucracy, 2–3, 23, 97, 105, 128, 130132, 150–151; and the emperor, 45, 6368, 71, 73, 194n48, 195n66; and local elites, 104–105, 109, 119–125, 131; in Qin, 106–108, 112, 132; in Song, 115116; in the Warring States period, 104, 106.
See also
centralization; clerks; examinations; governors; local administration; “local rank” system; magistrates

Byzantine Empire, 61, 193n42

campaigns, mass: in the People’s Republic of China, 173, 179–180, 206n28

cannibalism, 154, 204n48

cantons (
xiang

), 121.
See also
subcounty units

capital-dwellers (
guo ren

): in the Springs-and-Autumns period, 137–138

Catholic Church, 45

centralization, 17, 23–25, 38, 42, 132; and emperors, 60, 63; in Han, 23, 86, 88, 108–109, 188n30; in Ming, 124–125; in Qin, 22–23, 86, 107–108; in Song, 115117; in Sui, 25, 111; in Tang, 25–27; in the Warring States, 21, 48, 80, 106.
See also
decentralization

Chakravartin, 57

chancellor, 52,
65
, 142.
See also
prime minister

Chang’an (modern Xi’an), 26, 112, 153

chanyu
(

) 34

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“character education” (
suzhi jiaoyu

), 180

chastity, female, 128

Chen Duxiu (

, 1879–1942), 171

Chen Hongmou (

, 1696–1771), 125

Chen She (

, d. 208 BCE), 142, 149, 158

Chiang Kai-shek.
See
Jiang Jieshi

China proper, 11, 24, 32–39, 42,
69
, 105, 165, 167, 189n48

Chinggis Khan (ca. 1162–1227), 41, 70, 190n67

Christianity, 60, 153

Chu (

), regional state (extinguished in 223 BCE), 13–15, 21, 84, 187n12, 187n21, 188n24

civic religion, 58

clerks, 22, 52, 108, 114, 124, 148, 150; attitude toward, 120

commoners, 3–5, 20–21, 121, 123, 127, 142, 154, 159, 176; as culturally impaired, 16, 79; political role of, 134137, 139; and rebellions, 4, 134, 136, 161; and
shi
, 77, 79.
See also
capitaldwellers; masses; people

Communist Party of China (CPC), 167170, 172–175, 177–182

“community compact,” 118, 125, 129

The Comprehensive Mirror to Aid the Government
(
Zizhi tongjian

), 57.
See also
Sima Guang

Confucianism, 28, 89–90, 94, 97, 114, 119, 121, 147, 164; and egalitarianism, 141, 143–144, 203n20; endorsed by Emperor Wu of Han, 87–88, 93, 109, 197n29, 197n30; and family values, 128; and hierarchy, 143; and martyrdom, 99–100; in modern China, 171, 173, 175, 178, 180–181, 206n20.
See also
Confucius; Neo-Confucianism

Confucius (Kongzi

, 551–479 BCE), 18,
66
, 85, 87, 94, 126, 141, 158; on commoners, 139, 143; and political involvement, 82–83,
95;
on ruler’s position, 48; on
shi
identity, 78–80; on unity, 17, 30; elevated under Emperor Wu of Han, 88

counties, 22–23, 29, 92, 118–119.
See also
magistrates; prefectures; subcounty units

“criticizing [the ruler] in the stomach,” crime (
fu fei zui