The First American Army (60 page)

Authors: Bruce Chadwick

BOOK: The First American Army

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4
. Nathanael Greene to John Sullivan, John Sullivan,
Letters and Papers of Major General John Sullivan,
3 vols., Concord, NH: New Hampshire Historical Society, 1930–39, II: 103, 101–102.

5
. Nathanael Greene to George Washington, August 28, 1778, GREENE, II: 499, a British sailor with Howe that day wrote that the French left because of fierce British opposition, but admitted that Howe and the officers were surprised at their departure, Thomas O’Beirne
, Narrative of the Fleet Under Lord Howe,
New York: New York Times-Arno Press, 1969, pp. 40–41.

6
. Nathanael Greene to William Heath, August 27, 1778, GREENE II: 497.

7
. William Nell,
Colored Patriots of the American Revolution,
New York: New York Times-Arno Press, 1968, pp. 128–130.

8
. Theodore Thayer,
Nathanael Greene: Strategist of the American Revolution,
pp. 256–257.

9
. Kaplan, pp. 55–56.

10
. John Hope Franklin.
From Slavery to Freedom,
New York: Alfred Knopf, 1947, p. 136.

11
. Boatner, pp. 788–794.

12
. Henry Laurens to New Jersey Governor William Livingston, September 1, 1778, Smith, X: 546–547.

13
. James Smith to his wife Eleanor Smith, September 4, 1778, Smith
,
X: 572.; Richard Henry Lee to Adam Stephen, September 5, 1778, Ibid., X: 574.

14
. Knoblock, p. 285–286.

15
. Ibid., pp. 173–174.

16
. Ibid., pp. 137–138.

17
. David White,
Connecticut’s Black Soldiers,
1775–1783, Chester, CN: Pequot Press, 1973, p. 22.

18
. White, pp. 120–121.

Chapter Twenty-six

1
. Edward Field,
Esek Hopkins: Commander in Chief of the Continental Navy During the American Revolution, 1775–1778, Master Mariner, Politician, Brigadier General, Naval Officer and Philanthropist,
Providence: Preston and Rounds Co., 1898, p. 45.

2
. Richard Henry Lee to John Page, March 29, 1779, Smith, XII: 160–161.

3
. Gardner Weld Allen,
Massachusetts Privateers of the Revolution,
Massachusetts Historical Society, 1927, p. 18.

4
. Barbara Tuchman,
First Salute: A View of the American Revolution,
New York: Alfred Knopf, 1988, p. 20.

5
. Boatner, pp. 896–898. Boatner estimated $18 million, but adding total worth of cargo a $66 million figure was set by Nathan Miller in
Sea of Glory: A Naval History of the American Revolution,
Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1974, pp. 260–264.

6
. Miller,
Sea of Glory,
p. 262.

7
. Miller, p. 282.

8
.
London Chronicle,
September 2, 1777.

9
. Annual Register, XXI, 1778, p. 36.

10
. Governor Valentine Morris to Vice Admiral James Young, William Bell Clark, Exec. Ed., William Morgan, Ed. Vol. VII,
Naval Documents of the American Revolution,
10 vols., Washington, D.C.: Department of the Navy, Naval History Division, 1976, VII: 1184–85.

11
. Henry Byrne to Vice Admiral James Young, December 4, 1776, in Morgan,
Naval Documents of the American Revolution,
VII: 372–373.

12
. Miller, p. 261.

13
. Francis Wharton,
The Revolutionary Diplomatic Correspondence of the United States,
6 vols., Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1889, III: 650.

14
. John Langdon to John Hancock, November 4, 1776; Charles Lee to Mescheh Weare, November 27, 1776, Morgan,
Naval Documents,
VII: 31.

15
.
Historical Magazine,
March 1862.

16
. Allen,
Massachusetts Privateers of the Revolution,
p. 16.

17
. John Paul Jones,
Memoirs of Rear Admiral John Paul Jones,
Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd Publishers, 1890, pp. 80–81.

18
. John Barnes, ed.,
Fanning’s Narrative: Being the Memoir of Nathaniel Fanning, an Officer of the Revolutionary Navy,
1778–1783, New York: New York Times-Arno Books, 1968, pp. 194–195.

Chapter Twenty-seven

1
. David Ludlum,
History of Early American Winters, 1604–1828,
Boston: Boston-American Meteorological Society, 1966, pp. 120–121.

2
.
Diary of Colonel Israel Angell,
New York: New York Times-Arno Books, 1971, pp. 101–102.

3
.
Diary of Colonel Israel Angell
, pp. 114–115.

4
. Thacher, pp. 180–181.

5
. Erkuries Beatty to Reading Beatty, December 29, 1779,
Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography
14, 1890, p. 205; Finney journal entry, December 2, 1780, Finney Diary.

6
. Christopher Ward,
War of the Revolution,
2:612, quoting N. W. Stephenson and W. H. Dunn,
George Washington,
New York: Oxford University Press, 1940, 2 vols., 2:121.

7
. Miers,
Crossroads of Freedom,
p. 202.

8
.
Diary of Colonel Israel Angell,
December 13, 1779, p. 101.

9
. George Washington to James Wilkinson, Dec. 22, 1779, GWW XXVII: 300.

10
. Nathanael Greene to Daniel Broadhead, December 8, 1779, GREENE, V: 182.

11
. Scheer,
Yankee Doodle,
p. 172.

12
. Major James Fairlie to Charles Tillinghast, January 12, 1780, Dennis Ryan, Ed.,
A Salute to Courage: The American Revolution as Seen through the Wartime Writings of Officers of the Continental Army and Navy,
New York: Columbia University Press, 1979, p. 178.

13
. George Washington to Samuel Huntington, Dec. 25, 1779, GWW XXVII: 272–273.

14
. William Livingston to George Washington, December 21, 1779,
Livingston Papers
, 5 vols. III: 277.

15
. Baron von Steuben to George Clinton, Thayer,
Colonial and Revolutionary Morris County,
p. 224.

16
. William Livingston to the New Jersey Assembly, December 20, 1779,
Livingston Papers,
III: 273–274.

17
. A. E. Zucker,
General De Kalb: Lafayette’s Mentor,
Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 1966, p. 190; Thacher, pp. 214–216.

18
. George Washington’s Weather Diary, entry of January 6, 1780.

19
. Thacher, p. 185.

20
. George Washington to Samuel Huntington, January 5, 1780, GWW XXVII: 358.

21
. William Ellery to Nathanael Greene, December 21, 1779, Smith, XIV: 288.

22
. Nathanael Greene to Benoni Hathaway, January 6, 1780, GREENE V: 243.

23
.
Jersey Journal,
January 15, 1780.

24
. “A soldier’s letter,”
Jersey Journal,
January 22, 1780.

25
. Thayer,
Colonial and Revolutionary Morris County,
pp. 228–230.

26
.
Jersey Journal,
January 16, 1780.

27
.
Jersey Journal,
February 2, 1780.

28
. De Kalb quoted in Miers, p. 209; Nathanael Greene to Alexander McDougall, March 1, 1780, GREENE V: 428.

29
. William Livingston to Rensalaer Williams, December 12, 1779,
Livingston Papers:
III: 282.

30
. Proclamation, May 27, 1780, from Seely Diary.

31
. Scheer,
Yankee Doodle,
p. 182.

32
. Ibid.
,
p. 186.

Chapter Twenty-eight

1
. William Livingston to George Washington, June 7, 1780,
Livingston Papers
, III: 435.

2
. White,
A Village at War,
p. 173; Boatner, p. 1045; Thayer,
Colonial and Revolutionary Morris County,
pp. 247–248; Miers,
Crossroads of Freedom,
pp. 217–220.

3
. Thomas Fleming,
The Forgotten Victory: The Battle for New Jersey, 1780,
New York: Reader’s Digest Press, 1973, pp. 132–136, Miers, pp. 220–221.

4
. Joseph Jones,
The Life of Ashbel Green,
New York, Robert Carter & Brothers, 1849, pp. 112–114.

5
. William Livingston to Baron von Steuben, June 21, 1780,
Livingston Papers,
III: 438–439.

6
. Boatner, pp. 1045–1047.

7
. Wilhelm Knyphausen to George Germain, July 3, 1780, K. G. Davis, Ed.,
Documents of the American Revolution, 1770–1783,
(Colonial Office Series), 21 vols., Shannon: Irish University Press, 1976, XVIII, pp. 112–113.

8
. George Washington to Robert Howe, June 10, 1780, GW XVIII: 494–496.

9
. Washington’s note, GWW XIX: 96–97;
Diary of Colonel Israel Angell,
p. 169.

10
. Notes on the battles of Springfield from Thayer,
Colonial and Revolutionary Morris County,
pp. 246–255; White, pp. 171–177; Joseph Jones,
The Life of Ashbel Green,
pp. 112–114; Scheer,
Yankee Doodle,
188–189; Thacher, p. 201–202;
Jersey Journal,
June 14, 1780; Scheer and Rankin, p. 374; William Wilcox, Ed
., Sir Henry Clinton, the American Rebellion: Sir Henry Clinton’s Narrative of His Campaign 1775–1782, With an Appendix of Original Documents,
New Haven: Yale University Press, 1954, p. 194; Miers, pp. 217–225;
See Also
Thomas Fleming,
The Forgotten Victory,
Boatner, pp. 1045–1047.

11
.
Jersey Journal,
March 29, 1780.

Chapter Twenty-nine

1
. St. George Tucker, “Journal of the Siege of Yorktown,”
William and Mary Quarterly,
3rd Series (July 1948), p. 378.

2
. Richard Ketchum,
Victory at Yorktown: The Campaign That Won the Revolution,
New York: Henry Holt, 2004, pp. 211–213.

3
. Thomas Fleming,
Beat the Last Drum,
New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1963, pp. 61–65. 4. John Linn and William Hegle, Eds., Captain Joseph McClellan and Lieutenant William Feltman,
Diary of the Pennsylvania Line,
Pennsylvania Archives, 2d Series, vol. XI, Harrisburg: Lane Hart, State Printer, 1880, p. 689, 691, 693.

5
. James Thomas Flexner,
George Washington in the American Revolution, 1775–1783,
pp. 448–455; Freeman,
George Washington: A Biography,
VI: 365–371; Randall,
George Washington: A Life,
pp. 391–393.

6
. St. George Tucker, “Journal of the Siege of Yorktown,” p. 382.

7
. Linn and Hegle,
Diary of the Pennsylvania Line,
p. 694,

8
. Thacher, p. 284.

9
.
The Journal of Lieut. William Feltman, of the First Pennsylvania Regiment, 1781–1782,
Philadelphia: Historical Society of Pennsylvania, 1853; reprint, New York: New York Times-Arno Press, 1969, p. 18.

10
. Thacher, p. 280.

11
. Thacher, p. 285.

12
. Scheer,
Yankee Doodle,
pp. 235–236.

13
. Williams,
Biographies of Revolutionary Heroes
, pp. 276–279.

14
. Tucker, “Journal of the Siege of Yorktown, 1781
,”
p. 386.

15
. Stephen Popp, “Journal, 1777–1783,” PMHB, XXVI, pp. (1902), pp. 25–41.

16
. For details on the battle of Yorktown, see Boatner, pp. 1230–1250.

17
. Tucker, p. 391

18
. William Hallahan,
The Day the Revolution Ended, October 19, 1781,
New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2004, pp. 199–201.

19
. Burke Davis,
The Campaign That Won America: The Story of Yorktown,
New York, Dial Press, 1970, p. 267.

20
. Thacher, p. 289.

21
. Hallahan, pp. 229–249.

22
. Admiral Samuel Hood to George Jackson, October 29, 1781, French Ensor Chadwick
, The Graves Papers and Other Documents Relating to the Naval Operations of the Yorktown Campaign, July to October, 1781,
10 vols., New York: Printed for the Naval History Society, DeVinne Press, 1916, VII: pp. 144–145.

23
. Fleming,
Beat the Last Drum,
p. 343.