The Great Fire (60 page)

     
Turkish occupation of Smyrna, 147–48, 160–61

De Brock, Osmond, 78, 80, 106, 152–53, 222–24, 251

De Candolla, Gabriel, 360

Deutsche Bank, 244

Dickinson College, 137

Diseases, 281–82, 291–92

Djemal, Ahmed, 125–26

Dobson, Charles, 156, 178

Domingo, Friola, 140

Domvile, Barry, 223, 224, 225

Dortch, William P., 276

Dos Passos, John, 100, 219

Dotch
, SS, 352, 353

Drage, C. H., 225–26

Dreiser, Theodore, 40

Duckworth, Arthur, 218

Dulles, Allen, 61, 63, 131, 326, 333, 393, 425
n

Dulles, Nataline, 95

Dumesnil, Henri, 106–7, 108, 116, 194–95, 220–21, 222, 268–70, 315, 362–63, 381

Dumlupinar, 35, 108, 313

Dunn, Robert S., 30, 53–54, 97, 99

Dutch hospital, 166, 180, 202, 203–4, 215

Eastern Telegraph Co., 60, 69, 116

Edgar Quintet,
87, 90, 106–7, 127, 362

Edib, Halide, 132, 300–301, 301
n
, 304, 305–6, 316

Edsall
, USS, 227–28, 255, 263–68, 273, 274, 276, 280, 307, 315, 318, 339, 346, 361, 378–79, 388, 389

Egypt, British seizure of, 124, 172

El Dorado
(movie), 90, 222

Enver, Ismail, 125–26

Ephesus, 22

Ernest Renan
, 87

European (Frankish) Quarter, 25, 110–11, 152, 197

Evacuations

     
of Americans in Smyrna, 2–6, 193–95, 199–200, 205, 212–13, 215

     
of British nationals in Smyrna, 78–79, 80, 98, 104, 152–53, 197, 291

     
of French and Italian nationals in Smyrna, 197, 222, 227

     
of refugees of Black Sea ports, 385–87

     
of refugees in Smyrna.
See
Refugee evacuations of Smyrna

Evans-Thomas, L. C., 58

Evon, Agnes, 142–43, 221

     
relief efforts, 134, 142–43, 165–66, 180, 215; orphanage girls, 202–3, 230–31

Evzones, 31, 375

Ferrell, Thomas, 96

Fevzi Pasha, 29–30, 162

Fig industry, 24

Fikriye, 304–5, 306

Fire in Smyrna.
See
Great Fire of Smyrna

First World War.
See
World War I

Fisher, John, 242–43

Fisk, Pliny, 25–26

Fiske, Bradley A., 56

Fiume, 12

Ford Motors, 65

Foreign Missions Board, 326

France

     
evacuation of French nationals, 197, 222, 227

     
naval presence in Smyrna harbor, 78–79, 87, 103–4, 268–70, 273–74

     
post-war division of Ottoman Empire, 11, 14–15, 245–46

     
refugee evacuations and, 268–69, 273–75, 291–92, 294, 309, 325, 336, 362–63

     
Turkish War of Independence and, 16, 37, 57, 78–79, 106–7, 120–21, 133–34, 173, 253–54, 268–70, 277–78

     
in World War I, 83, 85, 125–26, 341

Frangos, Athanasios, 313–14, 338–42, 345, 376

Frankish (European) Quarter, 25, 110–11, 152, 197

Franz Ferdinand of Austria, 244

French Foreign Legion, 133

French Mandate, 15

Friedman, Harry, 140

Fuat, Ali, 122–23

Gabriella
, SS, 389

Galata Bridge, 49

Galazio Street, 42, 77, 85, 86, 105, 137, 143, 146, 151, 192, 197, 212

Galileo, 268

Gallipoli, 32–33, 126, 223–24

Garroni, Eugenio Camillo, 334–35

Gary Tobacco Co., 89, 214, 249, 276

“Gasoline Alley” (comic strip), 65
n

Gaylord, Thomas A., 201–2

“Genocide,” 9, 393–94

Geological Survey, U.S., 65

Georgetown University, 85

Germany

     
alliance with Ottoman Empire, 11, 13, 83, 125–26, 341

     
Near East oil and, 243, 244

     
post-war inflation in, 62

     
post-war treaty and, 14

     
in World War I, 11, 32, 83–86, 125–26, 245, 262, 304

Getchell, Dana K., 80, 81, 201

Glassboro Academy, 96

Glencart Castle
, HMHS, 262, 263, 267

Godfrey, Arthur, 115
n

Golden Horn, 49

Goldman, Emma, 100

Gonatas, Stylianos, 376

Gordon, Annie, 200

Grand Bretagne Hotel, 314–15

Grand Bretagne Restaurant, 77

Gravos, Theodora, 92–94, 286–89, 381, 392

Great Britain.
See
Britain; British in Smyrna

Great Fire of Smyrna, 1–6, 191–222

     
American evacuations, 1–5, 197–205, 211–15

     
American property losses, 275

     
Armenians’ alleged role, 271–72

     
beginning of, 196–97

     
British rescue, 224–28

     
Hatcherian and, 237–40

     
Hepburn and, 205–6, 213–14, 216–19, 231–32

     
Kemal and, 303

     
morning after, 229–36

     
origins of, 206–11; Turkish soldiers lighting fires, 200, 206, 207, 218–19, 227, 232–36

     
Prentiss’s reporting on, 218, 219, 265–66

Greece

     
Balkan Wars, 82–84, 403
n

     
Bristol’s claims of Greek atrocities, 133–34, 148, 150, 181–82, 250–51

     
claims to Smyrna, 12–14

     
defense of Smyrna, 105–7, 109–10, 115, 117–18

     
Jennings’s negotiations with prime minister, 342–46, 375–76

     
naval presence in Smyrna harbor, 78–79, 87, 103–4

     
occupation of Smyrna, 12–14, 20, 251

     
Paris Peace Conference, 12–13, 51

     
population exchange with Turkey, 393–94

     
refugee crisis after evacuations, 387–88

     
refugee evacuations to Mytilene, 310–18, 338–47, 357–59, 362, 370–71, 377, 380, 384–85

     
retreat along Sea of Marmara, 159–60

     
retreat from Smyrna, 67–68, 118–19, 138–39, 146

     
September 1922 Revolution, 314, 375–77

     
Turkish occupation of, 13–14

     
war with Turkey.
See
Greek-Turkish War

Greek merchant ships, 339–47

     
British assistance with evacuations, 360–61, 363–65, 378–82

     
Jennings’s promise of protection, 338–40, 343–45, 345
n
, 369–70, 374

     
plans for evacuation, 267, 274–75, 285, 314, 315, 316–18, 330

     
refugee evacuations, 160, 348–68, 378–84

Greek Quarter, 25, 157, 195, 197, 237

Greek Revolution, 314, 342, 375–77

Greek Southern Army, 35, 105

Greektown (Chicago), 41

Greek-Turkish War, 15–17

     
background to, 11–15

     
Hadjianestis and, 105–6, 108–9, 113–14, 115

     
Hatcherian and, 45–47

     
Hemingway’s reporting on, 31
n
, 292–93

     
Horton and, 36–39, 43–44, 77–78, 105–6

     
Kemal in, 14, 29–35, 122, 127

     
Sevres Treaty and, 14–15, 16, 153, 245–47

     
in Smyrna, 20, 78–79, 99–100, 105–6, 109, 113–14, 115, 118–21

Grinnell College, 193

Griswold, Roger, 81, 88, 276–77

     
evacuation of Americans, 205, 214–15

     
refugee evacuations, 346, 381

     
relief efforts, 117, 278, 280, 317

Gritzalia, 93–94

Guaranty Trust Co., 50–51, 57, 58

Guardian Assurance Co., 207

Guichet, Rene, 196

Gulbenkian, Calouste, 244

Haci Ali, 301

Hadjianestis, Georgios, 105–6, 108–9, 113–14, 115

Hadjiyannis, Stamatis, 405–6
n
, 433–34
n

Halsey, William “Bull,” 260

Halsey Powell
, USS, 392

Hamid Bey, 132–33, 148, 252, 336

Hamilton, Birchall, 140

Harding, Florence, 66

Harding, Warren G., 251

     
background of, 67

     
Phillips and Horton cables, 61, 66–67

     
pressure to intervene, 63–64, 246–47, 325–28, 335, 386

     
Sevres Treaty and, 245, 246–47

     
Teapot Dome scandal, 245, 246–47

Harlow, Ralph S., 72

Harvard College, 61

Harvey, George, 328

Hassam Pasha, 174

Hatcherian, Elisa, 45–46, 168–69, 353–54

Hatcherian, Garabed

     
arrest of, 240, 319

     
background of, 45–46

     
evacuation of, 353–57

     
Great Fire and, 237–40

     
later life of, 392

     
as prisoner of war, 319–24

     
Turkish occupation of Smyrna, 168–70

     
Turks advance on Smyrna, 45–47

Hatcherian, Hatcheres, 45, 354–55

Hatcherian, Vartouhi, 45, 353–57

Heck, Lewis, 52–53

Heizer, Oscar S., 337

Helzel, George, 196

Hemingway, Ernest, 31
n
, 100, 132, 133, 292–93, 386–87

Hepburn, Arthur J.

     
American interests in Smyrna and, 139–42, 153–54, 174–75, 178–79, 205, 220, 231, 317

     
arrival in Smyrna, 136–37, 138–43

     
background of, 137–38

     
Bristol and, 98, 135, 137–42, 149–50, 152, 153, 161, 165, 174, 178–79, 182–83, 219, 220, 231, 236, 269, 272, 317, 332–33

     
Britain’s war against nationalists, 182, 192–93

     
drinking of, 138
n

     
evacuation of Americans, 1–6, 193–94, 197–200, 204–6, 213–15

     
Great Fire and, 205–6, 213–14, 216–19, 231–32

     
Greek retreat from Smyrna, 138–39

     
Horton and, 141, 143–44, 146, 182–83, 188, 192–94, 213–14, 215

     
Kemal and refugees, 268–70

     
later life of, 392–93

     
refugees and, 138, 150–52, 154–55; violence against, 150–51, 155–56, 161, 165–66, 177–79, 183–88, 191–92, 234–35, 294

     
refugee relief efforts, 139–40, 142–43, 183–88, 231–32, 265; and Noureddin, 149, 174–77, 186

     
refugee evacuations, 268–70, 272, 273, 311, 317–18, 332–33, 371; Davis and British efforts, 218–19, 220–22, 225, 227–28, 272

     
relief committees and, 140–42, 155–59, 160–61, 174–75, 177, 179–80, 232–36, 281, 284

     
Turkish occupation of Smyrna, 160–61, 165–66, 192–93

     
Turks enters Smyrna, 143–56, 160–61, 163, 165

Hepburn, Louisa, 220

Hepburn, Marie Japy, 137

Herodotus, 42

Hitler, Adolf, 9

Hoavannisian, Richard, xv

Hodgkinson, Percival, 313, 340

Hog Island
, SS, 183

Honeycutt, Sam, 140

Hoover, Herbert, 68, 393

Horton, Catherine, 4, 36, 42, 86–87, 213, 215, 329

Horton, Dorothy, 40, 41

Horton, George

     
American community and, 79, 80–82, 87–88, 141, 273, 275

     
Argyropoulos and, 213–14

     
Armenian massacres and, 82–85, 150–51, 244

     
background of, 36, 39–41, 82–84

     
Bristol and, 39, 54, 62–63, 67–69, 80, 86, 98, 131, 181–83, 251

     
Britain’s war against nationalists, 182, 192–93, 192
n

     
cables to Washington, 38–39, 59–63, 66–69, 80, 81–82, 87–88, 98, 103, 251

     
consul postings of, 39, 41–43, 123, 125

     
consul posting to Smyrna, 42–43, 85–87

     
evacuation of Americans, 4, 77, 79, 105, 106, 178, 179, 205, 215

     
Great Fire and, 207, 213–15

     
Greek-Turkish War and, 36–39, 43–44, 77–78, 105–6

     
Hepburn and, 141, 143–44, 146, 182–83, 188, 192–94, 213–14, 215

     
naval protection requests of, 68–69, 81–82, 86, 87–88, 90, 98–100, 131

     
refugees and, 68, 77–78, 80, 143–44, 152, 178, 273; press reports, 181–83, 255; violence against, 150–51, 182–83, 187

     
relief committee and, 89–91, 139, 179

     
Turks enter Smyrna, 143–44, 146

Horton, Nancy, 42–43, 43
n
, 86–87

Hotel Splendid, 109, 162, 196, 235

Housepian, Marjorie, 234
n

Houston, Victor Stuart, 219–20, 228, 374

Howells, William Dean, 40

Huerta, Victoriano, 261

Hughes, Charles Evans, 61, 63–64, 131–32, 246, 327–29

Hunters Club, 77

Huron
, USS, 102

Idaho
, USS, 341

Ilhan, Atilla, 302–3

Invictus, 96

International College.
See
American International College

Iowa
, USS, 137

Iraq, 15, 245

Iraq oil, 243–44, 245–46

Ireland, 332

Irish Guards, 331

Iron Duke
, HMS, 78, 87, 106, 120, 195, 218, 221–27

Ismet Pasha, 29–30, 305

Ismini, 346, 348, 357, 375, 376

Israel, 15