The Great Fire (61 page)
Italy
evacuation of Italian nationals, 197, 222, 227
naval presence in Smyrna harbor, 78–79, 87, 103–4, 268–69, 273–75
post-war division of Ottoman Empire, 11, 12, 14, 15
refugee evacuations and, 268–69, 273–75, 285, 291–92, 294, 325, 334; Constantinopoli, 309–14
Turkish War of Independence and, 57–58, 78, 120–21, 147–48, 183, 195, 268–69, 274–75, 295
Jackson, Joseph “Shoeless Joe,” 75
Jacob, Ernest Otto, 27, 71, 162–63, 164
evacuation of Americans, 198, 381
Great Fire and, 235–36
refugees and, 77, 157, 158, 276, 282–84, 291, 296, 297–98
relief committee and, 114, 140, 156, 157, 158, 232–33, 278, 280
robbery of, 283–84, 332
Jacob, Sarah, 162–63, 198
Jacob Jones
, USS, 109
Janissary Corps, 123
Jaquith, Harold C., 128–29, 134, 280
evacuation of Americans, 188, 218
refugees and evacuations, 177, 180, 227, 233–34, 233–35, 256, 384–85, 386; of Armenian orphans, 272–73, 330
Turkish occupation and violence, 159, 160–61, 174, 186, 234–35
Turks enter Smyrna, 147–48
Jean Bart
, 269, 273–74
Jennings, Amy, 18–19, 73–74, 75–76, 111–12, 113, 163, 164, 204–5
Jennings, Asa Kent
American community meetings and, 79, 80–81, 87–88
arrival in Smyrna, 18–20, 22, 26–28
assignment to Smyrna YMCA, 27–28, 76–77
background of, 5, 21–22, 74–75, 111–14
Bristol and, 330, 343, 345, 345
n
, 391; learns of mission, 316–17, 369–74
death of, 391
evacuation of family, 5–6, 198–99, 204–5
Great Fire and, 5–6, 195–96, 198–99, 232
Greek Revolution and, 375–76
hand of God and, 307–18
illness and handicap of, 19, 21, 73–74, 111–13
later life of, 389–90, 391
Powell and, 278–80, 303, 309, 310–11, 314, 315, 338–40, 344–46, 358–59, 384–85, 389–90
refugees flooding into Smyrna, 70–72, 75–79, 87, 91
refugee assistance and safe houses, 6, 82, 110–11, 113–15, 118, 120, 139–40, 144, 156, 158–59, 162–63, 177–78, 192, 205, 218, 232–33, 268, 278–80, 290–91, 294, 297, 307–8, 335, 354
refugee evacuations, 316–17, 338–47, 357, 358–59, 361, 368–86, 388–89;
Constantinopoli
transport, 309–14; negotiations with Greek PM, 342–46, 375–76; promise of protection, 338–40, 343–45, 345
n
, 369–70, 374
relief committee and, 82, 89–91, 110–11, 113–15, 175, 278, 280–81, 308–9
religious faith of, 20, 21–22
Rhodes’s letter to, 338–40, 342, 343, 344, 369, 371–74
YMCA assignments of, 21, 73, 74–75
Jennings, Asa Wilbur, 19, 113, 204–5
Jennings, Asa Will, 19, 163, 204–5
Jennings, Bertha, 19, 204–5
Jennings, Ortha, 21, 73–74
Jerusalem, 25–26
Jewish Quarter, 6, 25, 157, 271
Jillson, Jeannie, 252, 253–54
Joblin, Miller, 98, 263–64, 273
John’s Gospel, 73–74
Jouett
, USS, 261–62
Justinian the Great, 49
Kalpak, 30–31
Karagiozis, 279
Kehaya, Ery, 275–76
Kemal, Mustapha, xv, 123–27
appearance of, 30–31, 37, 123
background of, 122–26, 304–5
birth of Turkish nationalism and, 15, 97, 124–27
in Cordelio, 299–300, 303
in Göztepe, 300–301, 303–4, 359–60
in Greek-Turkish War, 14, 29–35, 122, 127
later life of, 392
Latife and, 299–303, 301
n
, 304–6, 392
Merrill and, 118–19, 120–21
Noureddin and, 29–30, 172–73
Smyrna and, 90–91, 118–19, 127, 132, 147, 148, 162, 223, 299, 303–4; refugee crisis, 195, 267, 268–70, 274, 275, 285
in World War I, 32–33, 125–26
Kiazim Pasha, 183, 270, 271–72
Kilinski, John, 140
Kilkis, 106, 340–42, 343–46, 358, 369, 370, 375, 376
King, William, 63
Kingdom of Hejaz, 15
King George V, HMS, 78, 87, 144–45, 152–53, 225
Knapp, Harry, 54, 411n
Knauss, Harrison, 109, 116–17, 139, 167, 215
evacuation of Americans, 198, 199–200
Greek-Turkish War and, 119–20
Turkish violence and, 150–51, 153–55, 178, 182, 186–87, 290, 297
Kocatepe, 29–30
Kontos, Eleni, 392
Kontos, George, 392
Koukloudja, 140
Kut Al Amara, 171–72
Lafont, 116, 118–19, 121, 127
Lamb, Harry, 80, 120, 152–53, 178, 181, 192–93, 192
n
, 223, 251, 268
Landgrun, Sigrid, 140
Lane, Rufus, 88
Lansing, Robert, 53
Latife Hanum, 299–303, 301
n
, 304–6, 392
Laura Spellman Rockefeller Foundation, 234
Lawrence, Caleb, 82, 88–90, 117, 140, 197, 218, 280
Lawrence, T. E., 172
Lawrence
, USS, 134–35, 136–37, 148, 154, 158, 180, 183, 186, 232, 251, 255, 273, 330, 346–47, 355
League of Nations, 14, 160, 389
Leaves of Grass
(Whitman), 215
Lehigh University, 52
Lemnos, 375–76
Lesbos, 42, 312–15
Levant Steamship Co., 153
L’Herbier, Marcel, 90
Liggett & Myers Co., 89, 275, 276
Litchfield
, USS, 270, 272, 273, 311, 314–18, 337–40, 366, 378–79, 381
arrival in Smyrna, 103–5, 251, 252
crew and design of, 101, 103
evacuation of Americans, 3, 6, 193–95, 199–200, 205, 212–13, 215, 216–17, 231
refugee evacuations, 218–22, 226–27, 234–36, 265, 273, 330
telegraph, 115–16
transit to Smyrna, 98–100, 101, 103
Llewellyn-Smith, Michael, xv
Lloyd George, David, 12–13, 34, 51, 269, 407–8
n
London
Daily Express
, 250
London
Daily Mail
, 181, 221
London
Morning Post
, 160
London
Times
, 159, 327
Lovejoy, Esther Pohl, 352–53, 364–66, 367–68, 381, 385
Ludendorff, Erich, 126
Lumley, Heaton, 196
Lydian Empire, 42
MacAndrews & Forbes, 81, 117, 249, 276
McKinley, William, 40–41, 55
MacLachlan, Alexander, 72, 80, 140, 146, 154–55, 162–63, 183–85
MacLeish
, USS, 317–18, 378–79, 380, 383–84
Magira
, SS, 79, 104
Magnesia, 107, 108, 119, 120, 148, 297, 438
n
Maine
, HMHS, 79, 153, 222
Mango, Andrew, xv
Manhattan Island
, SS, 293, 317, 381–82
Marghetti, Dimitrios, 196
Margoulis, Dr., 291, 352–53
Marion Star
, 67
Marsellos, Demetrius, 114
Marsovan incident, 175–76
Masters, Edgar Lee, 40
Maxwell, Reginald, 196
Megali Hellas, 361
Mehmed V, 11, 42, 126
Mehmed VI, 57
Meles River, 72, 76
Meltemi, 191
Mencken, H. L., 326–27
Merrill, Aaron S., 98–100, 104–8, 273, 332, 360
background of, 99, 107
Great Fire and, 235, 271–72
intelligence gathering for Bristol, 53, 98–100, 104–8, 115–17, 119–21, 182–83, 255, 271–72
Kemal and, 118–19, 120–21
Noureddin and, 149, 174–75, 176, 272
refugees and, 107–8, 167, 297–98
Turks in Smyrna, 118–19, 146, 147–49
Merrill, Louise Witherbee, 99
Mesopotamia (Iraq) oil, 243–44, 245–46, 359–60
Messina earthquake of 1908, 261
Methodist pledge, 114
Mexican oil, 261
Miller, A.T., 207–11
Mills, Minnie, 200–202
Missions Board, 128–30
Mississippi
, USS, 340–41
Model T cars, 65
Mohammed II, 331
Moore, Rittenhouse, 55
Moreman, Raymond, 117, 284–85
Morgan, Jacques de, 241
Morgenthau, Henry, 52, 125, 129, 130, 247, 249, 295, 326, 337, 341, 393
Morley, Bertha, 202–3, 230–31
Morris, Leland B., 266, 266
n
Mount McKinley, 97
Mount Pagus, 271
Mount Wrangle, 97
Muammer Bey, 299–300, 301–3
Mudania, 103, 160, 253–54
Murcelle Pasha, 146–48, 156
Muzaffar al-Din Shah Qajar, 241–42
Mytilene, refugee evacuations, 310–18, 338–47, 357–59, 362, 370–71, 377, 380, 384–85
Nadja Bey, 277, 282, 315–16
Nansen, Fridtjof, 389, 389
n
Napoleon III, 301
National Armenian Hospital, 46–47, 166, 392
“Natural born” vs. naturalized American citizens, 179
Naval Academy, U.S., 96–97, 99, 137, 253, 259, 260
Naval Detachment in Turkish Waters, U.S. (STANAV), 52
Naval War College, U.S. (Newport), 262
Navy Board, U.S., 392, 393
“Near East,” use of term, xvi
Near East Relief (NER), 80, 128–30, 134, 135, 140, 142–43, 159, 174, 180, 228, 326, 352, 384–85, 386
refugee evacuations, 221, 256, 293–94, 310, 317, 352, 354
n
New England Congregationalists, 25–26
New York
(steamship), 256
New York Times, 130, 135, 265–66, 273, 325, 332, 372
New York World, 133–34
Nicholson, William, 362, 363, 384–85
Nif, 127, 140
Nightengale, Florence, 387
n
Nolan, Myrtle, 203, 273
Norfolk Naval Shipyard, 261–62
North Carolina
, USS, 57
Noureddin Pasha, 29–30, 149, 171–77, 379–80
Chrysostomos and, 172–73, 177
Marsovan incident, 175–76
proclamations, 177, 186
in World War I, 171–72
Obama, Barack, 394
Office of Naval Aeronautics, 56
Oil (oil supplies), 64–66, 241–46
Oklahoma
, USS, 57
Olivet College, 200
Onassis, Aristotle, 44, 277
Onassis, Socrates, 43–44, 277
“On the Quai at Smyrna” (Hemingway), 292–93
Orhan, 124
Oriental Carpet Manufacturing Co., 24, 153, 196, 235, 312, 323–24
Orient Express
(train), 250
Osman, 124
Ottoman Empire, 10–11
Great Fire marking end of, 1, 400
n
Horton and, 41–42, 82–84
Kemal and, 124–25
post-war partition of, 11–16, 245–46, 251
Smyrna’s role in, 20, 23
World War I and, 11, 83–84, 245
Ottomanism, 41–42
Ottoman War College, 122, 123, 124
Palazzo Corpi, 48, 50, 55, 58
Palestine, 15, 85, 126, 184, 390
Pancho Villa, 97
Panonios Football Field, 156–57
Paradise Road, 70–71, 75–76
Paris Peace Conference (1919), 11–13
Park, James, 107
Parker
, USS, 262
Parrott
, USS, 384
Parsons, Levi, 25–26
Passport Pier, 26, 105, 158, 230, 235–36, 239, 323
Patmos, 22
Paul, Saint, 10
Peet, William W., 128–29, 252
Pelle, Maurice, 277–78, 303, 336, 370
Pepe, Guglielmo, 195, 268–69, 273–74, 285, 315
Pera Palace Hotel, 249–50
Perry, E.B., 444
n
Pershing, John, 97
Persian oil, 241–44
Petrograd, 100
Phillips, William
background of, 61–62
Bristol and, 325, 327–33, 335, 336–37
Horton cables, 61–63, 66–69, 88, 98, 251
pressure to intervene, 325–37
Phocaea, 71, 84
Pierre Loti
, 309
Pittsburgh
, USS, 391
Plastiras, Nikolaos, 375
Poincaré, Raymond, 269
Poland, invasion of, 9
Pomona College, 72, 117, 284
Port Huron Times
, 129–30
Post, Wilfred, 147, 265, 387–88
Armenian death marches, 294–95
Noureddin and, 174, 175–76, 272
relief efforts, 134, 142, 165, 180, 202–4, 215, 281, 291
Pott’s disease, 112–13
Powell, Halsey, 259–68
background of, 259–63
Bristol and, 263, 285, 293, 298, 316–17, 330, 340, 360, 369–70, 379, 389
death of, 391–92
Jennings and, 278–80, 303, 309, 310–11, 314, 315, 338, 344–46, 358–59, 384–85, 389–90; Rhodes’s letter, 338–40, 369, 371–74
Kemal and, 359–60, 379
later life of, 391–92
naval commands of, 260–63
refugees and, 270–71, 273–74, 277–83, 293–94, 296–97