The King of Vodka (39 page)

18. Ibid.

19. Figes,
People's Tragedy,
648.

20. A. G. Shkuro,
Zapiski belogo partizana
, ch. 19, http://militera.lib.ru/memo/russian/shkuro_ag/19.html.

21. Westwood,
Russia 1917–1964
, 51.

CHAPTER 23: SMIRNOV WITH AN “F”

1. Letter to the editor,
New York Times
, Sept. 23, 1921.

2. Document and translation from the Smirnoff Vodka Archive at Harvard University's Davis Center Collection in the Fung Library.

3. P. P. Isheyev.
Oskolki proshlogo
,
Vospominaniya 1889–1959,
139.

4. Ibid., 140.

5. Ibid.

6. K. V. Smirnova et al.,
Vodochniy korol Pyotr Arsenievich Smirnov i yego potomki
(Moscow: OAO Izdatelstvo “Raduga”), 77.

7. Documents #PSC009001, PSC009008 from research by Oleg Smirnov.

8. K. V. Smirnova et al.,
Vodochniy korol Pyotr Arsenievich Smirnov i yego potomki
(Moscow: OAO Izdatelstvo “Raduga”), 134.

9. K. K. Parchevskiy,
Po russkim uglam
(Moscow: Nasledniki K. K. Parchevskogo. Institut vseobschey istorii RAN, 2002), 176.

10. Vladimir Smirnov's memoirs.

11. Ibid.

12. Testimony, Boris Aleksandrovich Smirnoff, Feb. 11, 1998, 122.

13. Ibid., 91.

14. Ibid., Feb. 12, 1998, 180.

CHAPTER 24: THE END IS A BEGINNING

1. Vladimir Smirnov's memoirs.

2. K. V. Smirnova et al.,
Vodochniy korol Pyotr Arsenievich Smirnov i yego potomki
(Moscow: OAO Izdatelstvo “Raduga”), 204–5.

3.
Posledniye Novosti,
Paris, Dec. 10, 1933, 6.

4. Ibid., Dec. 24, 1933, 5.

5. Obituary of Rudolph P. Kunett,
New York Times
, May 6, 1979; “Rudolph Kunett of Heublein Dies,”
Hartford Courant
, May 5, 1979.

6. Richard Lemon, “The Talk of the Town,”
New Yorker
, Sept. 24, 1955.

7. Agreement between Vladimir Smirnov and Rudolph Kunett, Aug. 21, 1933, 1, Exhibit E from the Smirnoff Vodka Archive at Harvard University's Davis Center Collection in the Fung Library.

8. “Russian Vodka Now Made Here,”
Danbury News-Times
, Apr. 19, 1934.

9. Advertisement obtained from the Smirnoff Vodka Archive at Harvard University.

10. K. V. Smirnova et al.,
Vodochniy korol
, 202–3.

11. “Russian Vodka Now Made Here,”
Danbury News-Times
, Apr. 19, 1934.

12. K. V. Smirnova et al.,
Vodochniy korol
, 204–5.

13. Ibid.

EPILOGUE

1. http://www.brandrepublic.com/News/159590/Superbrands-case-studies-Smirnoff.

2. “Smirnoff White Whiskey—No Smell, No Taste,”
New York Times
, Feb. 19, 1995.

3. Ibid.

4. John Martin, interview, Smirnoff Heritage Video, n.d.

5. Richard Lemon, “Little Water,”
New Yorker
, Sept. 24, 1955.

6. http://www.diageo.com/en-row/ourbrands/ourglobalbrands/smirnoff, Impact Databank Mar. 2007, ranking of leading premium spirits brands.

7. Millward Brown's Top 100 Most Powerful Brands 2008, 23, http://www.millwardbrown.com/Sites/optimor/Media/Pdfs/en/BrandZ/BrandZ-2008-Report.pdf.

8. Resolution on the presenting charges against Smirnov Vladimir Vladimirovich, Sept. 18, 1941, in Moscow.

9. Protest in the case of V. V. Smirnov, Aug. 31, 1956.

10. K. V. Smirnova et al.,
Vodochniy korol Pyotr Arsenievich Smirnov i yego potomki
(Moscow: OAO Izdatelstvo “Raduga”), 128.

11. Testimony, Boris Aleksandrovich Smirnov, February 12, 1998, 194.

12. N. A. Filatkina,
Pokolennaya rospis moskovskoy vetvi Alekseya Fyodorovicha Bakhrushina
(Moscow: 1997), 262.

13. Stephen White,
Russia Goes Dry: Alcohol, State, and Society
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 71.

14. Ibid., 140.

15. Thomas C. Owen,
Russian Corporate Capitalism from Peter the Great to Perestroika
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), 84.

16. K. V. Smirnova et al.,
Vodochniy korol
, 155.

17. A. Sokovnin, “Konflikt vokrug tovarnogo znaka Smirnoff,”
Kommersant
, #49 (517), Mar. 19, 1994, http://kommersant.ru/doc.aspx?fromsearch=dfae45ba-5df9-45f6-ad94-51b2c302aae9&docsid=73940.

18.
Delovaya pressa
8, May 20, 1999, http://www.businesspress.ru/newspaper/article_mId_44_aId_17227.html.

19. Decision by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit in the matter of The Joint Stock Society, “Trade House of Descendants of Peter Smirnoff, Official Purveyor to the Imperial Court” and the Russian American Spirits Co. v. UDV North America, Inc. and Pierre Smirnoff Company, Sept. 14, 2001.

20. S. Muravyov and F. Pogodin, “Borisa na tsarstvo,”
Vlast
2 (161), Jan. 30, 1996, http://www.kommersant.ru/doc.aspx?DocsID=11970.

21. “Diageo and A-1, an Alfa Group company, create strategic partnership for expansion in Russia,” Diageo press release, Feb. 27, 2006.

22. Russian Statistical Annual, 2007. http://www.gks.ru/bgd/regl/B07_13/IssWWW.exe/Stg/d01/04-27.htm.

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Obozrenie
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Living Water: Vodka and Russian Society on the Eve of Emancipation.
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Red October: The Bolshevik Revolution of 1917
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The Life of Lyof N. Tolstoi.
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Russia's Great Reforms, 1855-1881.
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Natasha's Dance: A Cultural History of Russia
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Figes, Orlando.
A People's Tragedy: A History of the Russian Revolution.
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Russia in Revolt: 1905: The First Crack in Tsarist Power.
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Fridman, M. I.
Wine Monopoly in Russia.
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History of Russian Entrepreneurship: From a Merchant to a Banker.
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Goldston, Robert.
The Russian Revolution
. New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Co. Inc., 1966.

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Known and Unknown Vodka: 14th–20th Centuries.
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Moscow and Muscovites.
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. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe Inc., 1990.

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The Alcoholic Empire: Vodka and Politics in Late Imperial Russia.
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Shards of the Past.
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The Liquor Problem in Russia.
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Everyday Moscow.
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Purity of the State's Alcohol.
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Kurukin, I., and E. Nikulina.
The Tsar's Pub Business: Essays on Alcohol Politics and Traditions in Russia.
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McGrew, Roderick E.
Russia and the Cholera 1823–1832.
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Owen, Thomas C.
Russian Corporate Capitalism from Peter the Great to Perestroika.
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A Concise History of the Russian Revolution
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A History of Vodka.
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Alexander II, The Last Great Tsar
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Population of Russia during 100 Years (1811–1913) Statistical Essays.
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Honor Above Profit: A Story about Pyotr Arsenievich Smirnov.
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Merchants and Entrepreneurs in Imperial Russia.
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Living History of Russian Advertising.
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Russian Drinking: Use and Abuse of Alcohol in Pre-Revolutionary Russia
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The Vodka King Pyotr Arsenievich Smirnov and his Descendants.
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Sponsorship of Moscow Entrepreneurs: 1860–1914.
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From the Notes.
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Note: Entries in this index, carried over verbatim from the print edition of this title, are unlikely to correspond to the pagination of any given e-book reader. However, entries in this index, and other terms, may be easily located by using the search feature of your e-book reader.

 

(Qualifiers for Smirnov family members relate to Pyotr Arsenievich unless otherwise noted.)

 

Abrikosov family, 56, 123, 180

Aleksander I, Tsar, 11

Aleksander II, Tsar, 32–33, 47, 50–52, 54–56, 106, 123, 235, 333, 334

assassination of, 111, 114–15, 116, 120

See also
Great Reforms

Aleksander III, Tsar, 115–17, 127–36, 159, 166, 168

anti-alcohol campaign and, xxviii, 142

authoritarianism of, 116–17, 127–28, 144

budget deficit and, 138–39, 151

death of, 167

vodka monopoly and, 147–52, 154–55

Aleksandra Fyodorovna, Empress, 176, 272, 280, 289

Aleksander Mikhailovich, Duke, 310

Aleksey Aleksandrovich, Grand Duke, 176

All-Russia Industrial and Artistic Exhibitions, 172–78

anti-alcohol movement, xix, xxv, 24, 93, 169, 192, 268

Bolsheviks and, 289, 295

Chekhov and, xxvi, 111, 125–26

clergy and, 24–25, 155

Gorbachev and, 333–34

growth of, 247–48, 258–59, 263–64

sobriety oaths and, 46–47

state measures and, xxvi, 128, 150–51, 248, 259, 273–74

Tolstoy and, xxvi–xxvii, 140–41, 258, 263–64

as vodka monopoly rationale, 139–40, 142, 147–52, 156, 168–69, 170, 206, 236–37

See also
prohibition

anti-Semitism, 144–45

Arsentyev, Grigoriy, 197

 

Bacardi, 330

Bakhrushin, Aleksey, 102

Bakhrushin, Konstantin

Petrovich, 180, 197, 209, 223–24

Bakhrushin, Pyotr, 332

Bakhrushina, Nina, 332

Bakhrushin family, 73

Baronowski, Ladislas, 307, 308, 309, 313, 314

beer, 24, 169, 249, 276, 278

Bogolepov, Nikolay, 218

Bloody Sunday (1905), 238–39, 242, 250

Bolshevik Revolution, 55, 285–93

civil war and, 293–301

émigrés from, 301–2, 303–16

Bolsheviks, 233, 283, 284–85

Bond, James (fictional), 329

Borisovskiy, Martemyan, 180–86, 191, 210–11, 232, 331

Borisovskiy, Vadim, 210, 290, 331

Bostanzhoglo, Vasily, 210–11, 290

branding, xxvi, 69, 109, 118, 122, 322–23, 328–30

Bulgaria, 306–8, 309

Bunin, Ivan, 301

Buryshkin, Pavel, 52, 101

 

Cast Iron Bridge mansion, xviii, 59–60, 102, 134, 192, 197, 205, 207, 220, 228, 278

Smirnov great-great grandson's lease of, 336

Soviets' use of, 319–20

Centennial Exhibition (Philadelphia, 1876), 103–4, 128, 130

Central Bureau of Wine and

Beer Industry and Trade, 249, 251, 254, 265, 266–67

Cheka, 289, 290, 296–99

Chekhov, Anton, 38, 132, 136, 152, 209, 258, 286

on vodka wars, xxvi, 111, 123–26

Chelyshev, Mikhail, 258–59

Chertova, Varvara, 96–97

Chetverikov, Sergey, 292

Christian, David, 54

Christian Orthodoxy.
See
Russian Orthodox Church

class structure

blurring of lines in, 138

Bolshevik dismantling of, 287, 290–92

drinking tastes and, 78–80

education and, 97

guilds and, 37, 40, 44, 73

interclass marriage and, 28–30, 38–39

resentments and, 105–6, 114, 204, 239–41

table of ranks and, 72, 73

World War I and, 281–82

cognacs, xxviii, 77, 215, 249, 260, 265

Commission on the Struggle

Against Drunkenness, 248, 264

Constantinople, 301–2, 303–6

copyrights, 69, 119, 336

Crimean War, 31–32, 41, 113, 140, 235, 333

 

Deprés, Kamill, 64

Diageo, 329n, 335, 336, 337

Distillers' Congress, 123, 148–49, 150

Dmitriy Pavlovich, Grand Duke, 310

Dostoevskiy, Fyodor, xxv, 38, 61, 114

Dreyfus, Alfred, xix–xx

Dr. No
(movie), 329

drunkenness, xxii, 54, 289–90

binge drinking and, 126, 142

crime and, 140–41, 276–77

decline in, 276

literary portrayals of, xxv

popular dislike of, 258

of Russian soldiers, 276, 277,
279–80

state vodka monopoly and, 168, 170, 217–18, 248, 273–74

See also
anti-alcohol movement

Duma, 159, 245–46, 248, 249, 250, 258, 272–75, 281

 

emancipation of serfs.
See under
serfs

Emancipation Proclamation (U.S.), 113

Erisman, Fyodor F., 149, 150

Erisman Research Institute of Hygiene, 319–20

 

Fabergé, Peter Carl, 63, 104, 130–31, 160

flavored vodkas, 58–59, 77, 92

dangerous additives to, 148–49

as prohibition-exempt, 278

promotion of, 249

Smirnov line of, 58–59, 98–100, 170, 174, 175, 265, 268

state tax on, 168–69

watering down of, 117, 123

Floyd, David, 204

France, 126, 140, 203, 305

Russian émigrés in, 310–24

Russian status symbols and, 64

Freeze, Gregory, 204

Fridman, Mikhail, 147

 

Gapon, Father Georgiy, 238

Gertsen, Aleksander, 6

Gilyarovskiy, Vladimir, 75

Gogol, Nikolay, 38

Gorbachev, Mikhail, 333–35

Gorbachevskiy, Stepan, 63

Gorkiy, Maxim, 173, 238, 290, 299

grape wines.
See
wines

Great Reforms (1861–74), 106

impact of, 51–52, 54–56, 60–61, 101–2, 113–14, 120, 123

impetus for, 32, 113, 235

retraction of, 115–16, 127–28

See also
serfs, emancipation of

guilds, 37, 40, 44, 52, 73, 130

 

Heublein, 327–28, 329, 333, 335

 

inns.
See
taverns

International Distillers and

Vintners, 335–36

international exhibitions, 80, 81–92, 103–4, 116, 118, 128, 130, 131, 165–66, 172–78

Isheyev, Pyotr, 305, 306–7, 316

 

Japan.
See
Russo-Japanese war

Jews, xix, xx, 3, 23, 38, 44, 144–45, 233

 

Katya (gypsy singer), 162, 163, 164–65, 209

Kokovtsov, Vladimir, 237, 273, 294

Komissarov, Mikhail, 180

Konovalov family, 56, 57, 191

Kotelnikov, M. G., 147

Kouvaldin, Vasiliy, 206

Kshesinskaya, Mathilde, 294

Kunett, Rudolph P., 320–24, 325, 327, 330, 332

Kunettchenskiy family, 320

Kuzminskiy, Aleksander, 169

 

Lenin, Vladimir, 74, 155, 169, 232–33, 242, 283–84, 285, 299

death of, 309

exile of, 188

takeover by, 287–88, 289, 291, 292, 293, 295

Lermontov, Mikhail, 286

London International Exhibition (1862), 82

Loris-Melikov, Count, 114

Lvov, 308, 309

 

Mamontov family, 176

Martin, John, 327–28

martini cocktail, 329

Mekhedinskaya, Alfonsina

Frantsevna, 313

Mendeleyev, Dmitriy, 166, 173

merchants

Bolshevik takeover and, 291–92

as churchwardens, 144, 166

ex-serfs as, 56–57, 62, 191

guilds and, 37, 40, 44

highest distinction for, 143

importance of heirs to, 61, 135, 189–90

as insurgents' target, 239–42

mistrust of, 37–38

philanthropy expected from, 70–71, 96, 143

power and influence of, 101–2, 138, 176–77

procedure to become, 35–36, 39–44

rise in status of, 52

Merchants' Club, 102

monopoly.
See
State Vodka

Monopoly moonshine, 12, 26, 118, 216–17, 281, 334

Morgan, Jack, 328–29

Morozov, Arseniy Ivanovich, 292

Morozov, Ivan, 227

Morozov family, 56, 57, 62, 101, 107–8, 176

Moscow, 16, 17–22, 38, 45–46, 144–45, 166

immigrant serfs in, 14, 41

liquor industry and, 24–25, 99–100

merchants' power in, 101

modernization of, 51–52, 60–61

rigid laws in, 22–23, 24

strikes and violence in, 239

vodka monopoly in, 208, 214

Moscow City Society, 40–44, 52

Moscow Committee on Beggars, 71–72, 132–33, 145, 189

Moscow Court Primary College, 143

Moscow English Club, 79–80

Moscow Exchange Committee, 189, 190

Moscow Merchants Society, 40, 44, 70–71, 130, 189

Moscow Mule (cocktail), 329

Moscow Soviet of Peasant and Working Deputies, 291

Moscow State Chamber, 39–40, 41

Moscow University, 148

 

Narodnichestvo
movement, 105–6

nastoykas
.
See
flavored vodkas

Nice, 311–24, 338

Nikitina, Aleksandra, 210, 228, 231, 257–58

Nikitina, Mariya, 210

Nikolayevna (patronymic name), Yelizaveta, 252

Nikolay I, Tsar, 1, 2, 4, 32

Nikolay II, Tsar, 167–68, 170, 172, 175–78, 187–88, 209

abdication of, 283

execution of, 289

prohibition and, 276

public unrest and, 218, 219–20, 235, 237–38, 272–74

reforms of, 245–46

repressive edicts of, 188, 218, 250, 272

state vodka monopoly and, 217–18, 248, 273–74

Witte's dismissal by, 233–34

World War I and, 27–81, 275

Nizhniy Novgorod fairs, 171–78, 179, 180, 184, 215–16, 220

Nobel, Ludwig, 104

nobility, 26, 38, 45, 71, 114, 139, 143, 177

liquor tastes of, 78–80, 87, 118, 120

 

October Manifesto (1905), 245–46

Okhrana, 281, 283

Ostrovskiy, Aleksander, 37–38

 

Panina, Varya, 209

Paris, 310–11

World's Fairs, 82, 104, 128

Pasternak, Boris, 134

peasants, 114, 144, 204, 233

famine and, 151–52 1905

revolt by, 239

radicals and, 105–6

sobriety campaign and, 155, 237

See also
serfs

Perlov family, 73

Perov, Vasily, 83

Peter the Great, xxi, 11, 28, 143, 280, 283

Petrograd.
See
St. Petersburg

Piontkovskaya, Valentina, 270, 272, 279, 322

Bolshevik takeover and, 286, 293, 294–306

breakup with Vladimir by, 307–8, 309, 312

Vladimir's love for, 255–57, 259, 307–8, 313, 314

Plekhanov Institute, 319, 331

Pleve, Vyacheslav, 218

Pol, Andrey Andreyevich, 192

Popov, A. S., 173

Popova (vodka distiller), 122

Popov vodka, xxv, 64, 125, 150, 206, 266

Potapovo cathedral, 185, 186

prohibition (Russia), 263, 274, 283, 301, 320

ending of, 308

initiation of, 218, 276–77

loopholes in, 278, 281

prohibition (U.S.), 320, 321, 322

pubs, xxii, xxvi, 25n, 27, 54, 76–77, 128n

Pushkin, Aleksander, 2–3, 40, 72, 286

Putin, Vladimir, 338

 

Rasputin, Grigoriy, 272–73, 280, 310

Rastorguyev, Pyotr, 180

Repin, Ilya, xxvii, 83, 114

revolutionaries, 105–6, 111, 116, 204, 252, 272, 281–85

Lenin's program and, 232–33, 284

liquor boycotts and, 237

repression of, 188, 218, 250

See also
Bolshevik Revolution

revolution of 1905, 239–41, 245, 250, 252, 258, 270

Rouget, Emile, 64

Rubinstein, Nikolay, 61

Russian American Spirits Company, 336

Russian Factory and Plant

Workers Union, 238

Russian Orthodox Church, xxii, 6, 143–44, 145, 155, 166–67, 184–85, 186, 219, 311

anti-alcohol laws and, 24–25

death rituals and, xxiv, 87, 88, 90

holiest site of, 19–20

merchant status and, 27, 35–36, 44

philanthropy and, 70–71, 251

Russo-Japanese War, 235–36, 237, 242, 276

Ryabushinskiy family, 73, 101, 176, 310

 

St. John the Baptist Church, xviii, xxiii–xxiv, 49, 61, 189

St. Petersburg, 3–4, 14, 24, 118, 124, 131, 144, 264, 310

arts scene in, 60–61

Bolshevik takeover of, 285–86, 289–90