The Modern Mercenary: Private Armies and What They Mean for World Order (46 page)

Total Intelligence Solutions,
15
,
16
t
,
56

trade: Middle Ages,
75
–
76

pirates and,
136
–
45
,
137
f
,
139
f

transnational organizations: Liberia’s recovery and,
106

in the Middle Ages,
83

neomedievalism and,
75
,
79
–
83

TRC (Truth and Reconciliation Commission) (Liberia),
113

Treaty of Versailles,
67

Triple Canopy,
4
,
16
t
,
52
,
80
,
82

Triton International,
138

Trivulzio, Gian Giacomo,
98

Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) (Liberia),
113

Turtle, Arish,
36

Typhon,
140
,
142
,
143

UAVs (unmanned aerial vehicles),
45
,
156
,
167

Uganda,
38
,
94
,
135
,
146

Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ),
161

United Arab Emirates,
141

United Kingdom,
19
,
36
,
39

United Nations: on decline in piracy,
143

Liberia and the,
105
,
113

military interventions by the,
70

multinational corporations and the,
82

as new market for force,
155
,
163
–
65

NGOs and,
80

peacekeeping,
38
,
53
,
101
,
136
,
147
,
163
–
65

on PMCs,
143
,
161

Saracen and the,
140

security force vetting by the,
111

Somalia and the,
131
,
133
–
34
,
136
,
146

sovereignty pooling in the,
77

use of force rules and the,
44

United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea,
143

United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL),
105
,
126

United Nations Operation in Somalia (UNOSOM),
133
–
34

United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights,
78

United States: al-Shabaab and the,
135
–
36

Battle of Mogadishu and the,
94
–
95

codependency with PMCs,
xiv
,
19
–
25
,
20
f
,
21
f
,
23
f

colonial conquests,
67

companies use of tax havens,
81

covert operation by,
56

draft,
25
,
55

failed states and the,
70

Flying Tigers,
36

information asymmetry with PMCs,
58

intelligence collection by the,
56

Japan and the,
67

Latin America and the,
155

market power for PMCs,
12
,
163

mercenary PMCs and the,
14

PMCs codependency with the,
xiv
,
19
–
25
,
20
f
,
21
f
,
23
f
,
96
–
97

PMCs deployment capabilities vs.,
115

PMCs leaving the,
142

PMCs legitimized by the,
150

reasons for return of private armies,
41
–
49

Revolutionary War,
34
,
46

Rome Statute and the,
78

as single superpower,
69

SomCan and,
138

Soviet Union and the,
68

subprime mortgage crisis,
76

war on terror,
82
,
See also
Liberia, case study

United States Agency for International Development (USAID),
80
,
97
,
153

United States Air Force Pararescue–Air Force Combat Controllers,
94

United States Army: Battle of Mogadishu and,
94

on contractors,
20
–
21

LOGCAP,
23

operational events conducted by the,
43
–
44

PMCs patterned after the,
12
–
13
,
18

reduction in force,
43

United States Army Training and Evaluation Program (ARTEP),
118

United States Commission on Wartime Contracting,
83

United States Congress: Blackwater investigation by the,
62

Commission on Wartime Contracting,
22

executive branch and,
56

oversight of contractors/PMCs,
9
,
56
,
157
,
160

privatization and the,
43

tax havens and the,
81

United States Congressional Budget Office (CBO),
46
–
47

United States Constitution,
48

United States Department of Defense (DOD),
19
,
56
,
62
,
107
,
116

United States Marine Corps,
44
,
61
–
62

United States Military Academy at West Point,
98

United States Navy SEAL Team Six,
94

United States Securities and Exchange Commission,
43

United States State Department: Blackwater contract,
53

Blackwater investigation by the,
62

Congress and the,
56

Darfur and the,
119

DynCorp contracts,
44
,
107
,
141

Somalia and the,
141

WPPS contract,
15
,
See also
Liberia, case study

Universal Declaration of Human Rights,
78
,
87

University of Chicago,
41

unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs),
45
,
156
,
167

UNMIL (UN Mission in Liberia),
105
,
126

UNOSOM (United Nations Operation in Somalia),
133
–
34

Urban V (pope),
53

USAID (United States Agency for International Development),
80
,
97
,
153

Utopia
(More),
45

Varangian Guard,
28
,
47
,
52
,
115
–
16

Vecchio, Mastin,
84

Vercingetorix,
28

Vienna Declaration on Human Rights,
87

Vietnam War,
61
,
63

Visconti, Bernabo,
53

Walker, David,
36

Wallenstein, Albrecht von,
29
–
30
,
30
,
31
,
102

Wall Street,
8
,
43

war: contractors as percentage of workforce,
19
–
20
,
20
f

fatalities of contractors,
20

humanizing,
44
–
45

laws of (early),
35
–
36

PMCs encouraging,
55
–
57
,
See also
neomedieval warfare; Westphalian order

War of Eight Saints,
53
,
59
,
119

warlords: as de facto law,
126

free market and,
159

in Liberia,
101
–
2
,
103
,
104
,
123

neomedievalism and,
83
,
84

PMC model used by,
150
,
156
,
157

in Somalia,
131
,
132
,
133
–
35
,
134
f
,
136
,
146
–
47

women,
116

War PLC
(Armstrong),
9

Washbourne, Jacob,
160
–
61

Watan Risk Management,
158

WatchGuard International,
36
–
37

Waxman, Henry,
9
,
62

Weber, Max,
65

Werner of Urslingen,
54
,
63

West Africa,
83
,
94

West African Examination Council,
112

Westphalian order: anomalous nature of,
168

end of,
69
–
71

legitimate violence under,
65
–
66

as new world order,
31
–
32
,
66
–
68

overview,
6
,
64
–
65

peacekeeping missions and,
147

state-centricity under,
68
–
69

twentieth century as zenith of,
35
–
36

warfare,
91
–
95
,
93
f
,
96
–
97

West Point,
98

White Company,
26

White Mountain, Battle of,
29

Wild Geese, The
(1978),
37

William the Conqueror,
28
,
46

Wittstock, Battle of,
29

Wonga Coup,
39

Woodhouse, John,
36

Woolsey, James,
68

World Bank,
42
,
136

world order: killing of civilians and,
61
–
63

medieval,
xiv
,
63

Westphalia,
64
–
71

Worldvision,
80

World War I and II,
19
,
35
,
54
,
67
–
68
,
92

WPPS (Worldwide Personal Protective Services),
15
,
18

Xe.
See
Blackwater

Xenophon,
27
,
52

XFOR Security Solutions,
154

Yemen,
70

Yojimbo
(1961),
1

Yugoslavia (Bosnia),
70
,
84

Zaire,
94

Zeljko “Arkan” Raznjatovic,
84

Zenawi, Meles,
132

Zimbabwe,
37
,
53