The Noonday Demon (109 page)

Across-Species Comparisons and Psychopathology (ASCAP) Society,
405

acupuncture,
148

ADA (Americans with Disabilities Act),
366
,
370
,
392
,
491

addiction,
217
–42

avoidance of,
224
–25

to benzodiazepines,
119

brain function and,
222
–23

depression as enabling factor in,
242

to heroin,
232

variability in cultural standards of,
226
–27

see also
alcoholism; substance abuse
specific addictive substances

ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder),
175
,
181
–82,
186

adolescents:

depression of,
187
–89,
461

substance abuse and,
221
,
467

suicides of,
257
–58,
264
–65

adrenal glands:

excessive sugar intake and,
139

long-term cortisol elevation and,
59
–60

adversity, value of,
434
–35,
438
–43

AFDC (Aid to Families with Dependent Children),
338

African Americans,
195
–200,
351

Age of Reason,
308
–9,
314

aggression:

self-destructive impulses vs.,
424

serotonin levels and,
114
,
253
–54

stress released in,
253
–54

treatment enforced as safety measure against,
380

agitated depression,
48
,
123
,
220
,
229
,
290

agricultural societies,
407

Agrippa,
296

AIDS/HIV,
71
–73,
77
,
203
,
353
–55,
362
,
437

Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC),
338

airline pilots, depression stigmatization and,
367

Ajax (mythological figure),
289

alcohol consumption:

anxiety relieved by,
226

cultural differences in normal levels of,
226
–27

fetal neurological damage due to,
254

medication absorption and,
467

Alcoholics Anonymous (AA),
228
,
240
,
241
,
365

alcoholism:

antidepressant treatment for depressives with,
220
,
222
,
466

of children of depressed parents,
181

depression symptoms caused by,
219
,
227
,
467

dual-diagnosis cases of,
219
–21,
228
,
238
–42,
468

endorphin levels and,
223

genetic predisposition for,
65
,
223
,
450

of men vs. women,
175

physical debilitation due to,
228

rates of,
218

REM sleep patterns of,
220
–21

serotonin levels and,
217
,
228

suicidality and,
227
,
255

treatment options for,
219
–22,
228
–29

withdrawal from,
228
–29

see also
substance abuse

alienation, late Victorian/early modernist sentiments of,
320
–22,
329

allergies,
80
,
139

alpha-2 antagonists,
116

altruism,
410
–11

Alvarez, A.,
208
–9,
244
,
263
,
280

Alzheimer’s disease,
192
–93,
232
,
463

amantadine,
116

Ambien,
119
,
234

Ambrosini, Paul,
460

American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU),
379
,
380

Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA),
366
,
370
,
392
,
491

amphetamines,
116
,
222
,
231

amygdala,
55
,
60
,
172

anaclitic depression,
183
,
460

Anafranet,
118

Anafranil,
114

Anatomy of Melancholy, The
(Burton),
301
–4,
310
,
323
,
480

Anderson, Laura,
92
–98,
106
,
262
,
438
,
442

Andrews, Paul,
409
–10

Angel of Bethesda, The
(Mather),
313

anger:

evolutionary role of,
413
–14

repression of,
197
,
198

anhedonia,
19
,
67
,
445

animals:

dominance in,
113
–14,
404
–6

emotions of,
402
–3,
412
–14

hibernation of,
406

learned helplessness observed in,
348

self-destructive behaviors of,
256
–57

serotonin studies conducted on,
113
–14,
253
,
254

short-term stress responses of,
407

animist ritual, Senegalese,
165
–70

“Annabel Lee” (Poe),
359

anorexia nervosa,
313

Antabuse,
229
,
469

Anthony, Saint,
16

antidepressant medications,
111
–20

adverse reactions to,
80
–81,
98

and alcoholics,
220
,
222
,
466

atypical,
114
,
118
,
193

basic principle of,
111

body temperature and,
113
,
452

while breastfeeding,
83

broad uses of,
435

changing combinations of,
86
,
87
,
93
–94,
118
–20,
121

for children,
184
–85,
460

classes of,
114

cortisol-reduction approach in,
58

cost of,
60
,
353

cultural attitudes and,
195
,
343

current research on,
120
,
171
–72

delays in responses to,
60
,
112
–13,
120
,
189
–90,
237
,
333
,
450

dependency concerns and,
235
–36

depressed substance abusers treated with,
220
,
222

developmental history of,
330
–34

directions of research on,
120

disabling effects in high dosages of,
423

effectiveness of,
60
,
86
,
103
–4,
120

elderly and,
189
–90,
192
,
193

employment and,
366
–67

excessive use of,
26
–27

HMO usage of,
90
,
107
,
384

illicit substance abuse vs.,
217
,
235
–36

inconsistency of,
118
–19

lawsuits based on noncompliance with,
380

long-term effects of,
80
–81

as maintenance strategy,
79
–80

mania induced by,
48
,
118
,
453

MAOIs,
see
monoamine oxidase inhibitors

mild depression relieved by,
399

mood stabilizers for bipolar patients on,
48
,
106

over-the-counter drugs vs.,
398
–99

palliative use of,
435

personal volition combined with,
102

pharmaceutical industry promotion of,
394
–97,
495

pregnancy and,
83
,
93

psychoanalysts’ aversions to,
48
,
50
–51

receptor theories of,
112
,
333

REM sleep altered by,
113
,
146
,
452

resistance felt toward,
60
,
369

responsiveness lowered after interruptions of,
57

reuptake mechanism blocked by,
332

rights of refusal of,
380
,
393

selection criteria among,
114
,
120

sexual side effects of,
91
–92,
115
–17,
157

shame of responsibility for illness relieved by,
330

short-term efficacy of,
103
–4

side effects of,
78
,
80
,
83
,
87
,
91
–92,
93
–94,
114
–18,
124
,
153
–54,
157
,
161
,
171
,
421
–22,
423
,
425

for single neurotransmitters vs. multiple systems,
397

societal intolerance exacerbated by,
62
–63

SSRIs,
see
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

stress-reduction strategies vs.,
125

in suicide prevention,
115
,
251
–52

suicide risks associated with,
48
,
80
–81

TRH as,
56
,
448

tricyclic,
114
,
115
,
117
–18,
148
,
171
,
222
,
331
,
332

see also
specific antidepressant medications

anxiety,
50
,
175
,
202
,
303

alcohol used for relief from,
226

coffee intake linked to,
139

cognitive-behavioral therapy for,
111

depression accompanied by,
65
–66,
229
,
239
–40,
323
–24,
405

exercise and,
137
–38

marijuana and,
229
–30

modern society as cause of,
406
–9

physical manifestations of,
65
,
422

protective role of,
410

psychopharmacological treatment of,
51
,
63
,
78
,
87
,
111
,
119
,
129
,
234
,
422

serotonin and,
65
,
119

suicide as response to,
275

anxiolytics,
222

Aquinas, Thomas,
62
,
293
,
450
,
479