The Noonday Demon (117 page)

rapid eye movement (REM) sleep:

antidepressant suppression of,
113
,
146
,
452

depressive alterations in,
146

illicit drug/alcohol effects on,
220
–21,
229

in primary illness diagnosis of alcoholic depressives,
220
–21,
466

Reagan, Ronald,
373

reboxetine,
171
,
456
,
487

receptor theories,
112
,
333
,
487

Rees, Jonathan,
394
–95

Regier, D. A.,
446

Reid, Harry,
373
,
375
,
377

religious faith,
129
–33

in colonial North America,
312
–13

fasting and,
313

loss of,
82

modernist alienation from,
321
–22

moral stigmatization of depression in,
285
,
292
–95,
312
–13

recovery aided by,
76
,
130
–33

suicide prohibitions of,
132
,
246
–47,
259
,
304

REM sleep,
see
rapid eye movement (REM) sleep

Renaissance, melancholic genius of,
285
,
289
,
295
–96,
299
,
300
–301

repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS),
137
,
139
,
418
,
454

reptilian brain,
414

Republican party,
376

“Requiem” (Rilke),
278

research:

applied vs. basic,
369

federal expenditures on,
369
,
376

by pharmaceutical industry,
395

residential services, long-term structured,
391

Restoril,
119

reuptake,
332

Rhodes, Tristan,
130

Richards, Keith,
238

Richter, Gerhard,
45

Rilke, Rainer Maria,
278

Rimer, Sara,
461
–62

Risperdal,
118

ritual, power of,
170

Rivers, Lynn,
362
,
374
,
377
,
382
–84

Robbins, E.,
447

Robbins, Maggie,
22
,
125
–29,
131
–32,
437
,
442

Roberts, Seth,
136

Robinson, Nicholas,
307
,
483

Rogers, Joe,
384
–86,
389
–93

Rogers, Timothy,
480

Roman civilization, melancholy in,
289
–92

romanticism,
311
–12,
314
–16

roofies (date-rape drug),
234

Roose, S. P.,
495

Rose, Henry,
313

Rosenfeld, Alvin,
490

Rosenthal, Norman,
104
,
140

Roukema, Marge,
372
–73,
374
,
376
,
377
,
378

Rowley, William,
482

rTMS (repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation),
137
,
139
,
418
,
454

Rufus of Ephesus,
289
–90,
291
,
305

ruling class, oppression imposed by,
320

rural culture, women’s depression in,
339
,
343
–45,
351

Rusakoff, Frank (pseudonym),
162
–63,
164
–65,
438
,
441

Rush, Benjamin,
319

Russia:

alcohol consumption norms in,
226
–27

U.S. immigrants from,
200
–201

Ryan, Neal,
460

Saar, Dou-dou,
165

Sackin, Harold,
453
–54

sacred remedy,
290

SAD (seasonal affective disorder),
137
,
140
,
186
,
208
–9

S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe),
137
,
147
–48,
456

sadism,
324
,
325

Saint-John’s-wort,
137
,
146
–47,
148
,
149
,
304
,
313
,
394
,
455
–56

SAMe (S-adenosylmethionine),
137
,
147
–48,
456

Sameroff, Arnold,
182
–83

SAMHSA (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration),
369

Sandfort, Theo,
203

sanity, public perceptions about,
393

Santayana, George,
246

Sapolsky, Robert,
449

Sartor Resartus
(Carlyle),
321

Sartre, Jean-Paul,
329

Saturn,
296

Savage, George H.,
322

Savage God, The
(Alvarez),
208
–9,
244
,
263
,
280

Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von,
440

Schildkraut, Joseph,
332
–33

schizo-affective conditions,
428
–29

delusions of,
305
,
421

schizophrenia:

low income linked to,
353

in prison populations,
394

symptoms of substance abuse/depression combinations vs.,
221
,
467

violent behaviors associated with,
373
,
380

Schmidt, Chrissie,
264
–65

Schopenhauer, Arthur,
24
–25,
245
–46,
247
,
316
–17,
443
,
484

science:

applied research vs. basic research in,
369

mechanistic approaches of,
306
–8

in modern life,
408

of psychobiology,
326
–28

spiritual values vs.,
321

Scot, Reginald,
297

seasonal affective disorder (SAD),
137
,
140
,
186
,
208
–9

secrecy,
363
–65

sedatives,
222

Segal, Boris,
467

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs):

in Alzheimer’s disease,
193
,
463

brain temperature and,
452

broad usage of,
435

elderly depression treated with,
190
,
193

negative sexual effects of,
115
–17,
453

oversimplification implied in name of,
396
–97

pharmaceutical industry development of,
13
,
333
–34

post-stroke depression and,
193

reabsorption process blocked by,
112

side effects of,
80
,
115
–17,
120
,
236
,
453

in suicide prevention,
115
,
252

U.S. usage of,
25
,
447

varieties of,
114

see also
specific selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

self:

historical concepts of,
287
,
300

sequential model of,
21
,
432

self-consciousness:

brain asymmetry and,
415

mechanistic model of,
306

speech as origin of,
415

suicidality and,
245
,
254
,
256
–57

self-hatred, gay shame and,
205

self-mutilation,
71
,
151
–52,
421
,
422
–28

Seligman, Martin,
451
,
460

Seneca,
289

Senegal,
ndeup
ceremonies for mental illness in,
165
–70

senility,
190
,
191
,
192
–93

sensation, emotions triggered by,
402

separation anxiety,
182

Sérèr people,
165

serotonin, serotonin levels:

aggressive behavior and,
114
,
253
–54

alcoholism and,
217
,
228

Alzheimer’s disease and,
193
,
463

in amelioration of depression,
22

in animal studies,
113
–14,
253
,
254
,
473

anxiety and,
65
,
119

atypical antidepressants and,
118

cortisol levels vs.,
57
,
59

dietary choices and,
138

elderly diminishment of,
189
–90,
462

genetic determination of,
254

illegal substances and,
230
,
233

impulsive behavior linked with,
253

initial isolation of,
331

melatonin derived from,
55

of men vs. women,
254

as monoamine,
332

multiple functions of,
112

nicotine use and,
225

oversimplification of popular beliefs about,
112
,
362

prefrontal cortex and abnormalities in metabolism of,
418

in sleep,
145

suicidality and,
253
,
254
,
473

tricyclic effects on,
117

see also
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

serotonin antagonists,
116

serotonin synthesis:

in men vs. women,
174

nutrition and,
138

in retina,
140

serotonin theory,
333

Seroxat/Paxil (paroxetine),
334

sertraline (Lustral/Zoloft),
51
,
60
,
78
,
114
,
118
,
121
,
236
,
334

Serzone,
114
,
118
,
119

sexual abuse,
176
,
188
,
340
–41,
348
,
349
,
350
,
351
,
355
,
421

sexual behavior:

antidepressants’ negative effects on,
91
–92,
115
–17,
157

mood disorder as risk factor in,
353
–54

overabundance of public information on,
399
–400

see also
gay men and women, depression among

sexually transmitted diseases,
202

Shaffer, D.,
464

Shaffer, Howard,
222

Shakespeare, William,
299
–300,
301
,
430

Shelley, Percy Bysshe,
314
–15

Sherrington, Charles,
403

Shiels, John F.,
492

Shneidman, Edwin,
248
,
252
,
263
–64

shock treatments,
see
electroconvulsive therapy

shooting incidents,
373
,
374

Shorter, Edward,
194

Short History of Decay, A
(Cioran),
273

Silvaticus, Joannes Baptista,
299

Simpson, Sylvia,
104
–5,
106
,
185
–86,
370

sin, depression as,
293
–94,
295
,
296
–97

Singapore, cultural attitudes on depression in,
200

Singh, Pami,
456

Skeptics,
289

skin cancer,
31
,
447

skydiving,
261