The Origin of Satan (37 page)

Historiography from 1770 to the Present Day
(Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1971); Richard W. Husband,
The Prosecution of Jesus: Its Date, History and Legality
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1916); G. S. Sloyan,
Jesus on Trial: The Development

of the Passion Narratives and Their Historical and Ecumenical Implications

(Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1973); R. E. Brown,
The Death of the Messiah: From

Gethsemane to the Grave
(New York: Doubleday, 1994).

4. Catchpole,
The Trial of Jesus
, 203.

5. Richard A. Horsley, “Josephus and the Bandits,”
Journal for the Study of

Judaism
10 (1979): 37-63.

6. Alfred F. Loisy,
Les Évangiles Synoptiques
(Ceffons près Montieren Der:

Chez l’Auteur, 1907-08), 78V.

7. On the gospel of John, see J. Louis Martyn,
History and Theology in the

Fourth Gospel
, 2nd ed. (Nashville: Abingdon, 1978); Norman R. Petersen,
The
Fourth Gospel
(Valley Forge, Pa.: Trinity Press, 1993); C. H. Dodd,
The

Interpretation of the Fourth Gospel
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,

1953).

8. Martyn,
History and Theology in the Fourth Gospel
., see also William Hor-

bury, “The Benediction of the Minim and Early Jewish-Christian

Controversy,”
Journal of Theological Studies
33 (1982): 19-61; T. C. G. Thornton,

“Christian Understandings of the Birkath ha-Minim in the Eastern Roman

Empire,”
Journal of Theological Studies
38 (1987), 419-31; Asher Finkel,

“Yavneh’s Liturgy and Early Christianity,”
Journal of Ecumenical Studies
18:2

(1981): 231-50; Alan F. Segal, “Ruler of This World: Attitudes About Mediator

Figures and the Importance of Sociology for Self-Definition,” in E. P. Sanders, ed.,

Jewish and Christian Self-Definition
, vol. 2 (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1980), 245-68.

9. Wayne A. Meeks, “The Man from Heaven in Johannine Sectarianism,”

Journal of Biblical Literature
91 (1972): 50.

10. Gustave Hoennecke, “Die Teufelsidee in den Evangelien,”
Neutestamentliche Studien: Fur Georg Heinrici zu seinem
70 (Leipzig: J. C. Heinrichs, 1912), 208.

11. Raymond Brown,
The Gospel According to John
, Anchor Bible Commen-

tary, vols. 29/29a (Garden City, N.Y.: Anchor Bible, 1966), 364-76.

12.
Ibid.

13. Raymond Brown, “Incidents That Are Units in the Synoptic Gospels But

Dispersed in St. John,”
Catholic Biblical Quarterly
23 (1961).

14. Rudolph Bultmann,
Das Evangelium Johannis
(Göttingen: Vandenhoeck

und Ruprecht, 1941), trans. G. R. Beasley-Murray,
The Gospel of John: A

Commentary
(Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1971), 319.

15.
Ibid
., 321.

16. See, for example, Robert Brachter, “The ‘Jews’ in the Gospel of John,”

Practical Papers for the Bible Translator
26/4 (1975): 365-409; R. Alan

Culpepper, “The Gospel of John and the Jews,”
Expository Times
84 (1987): 273-

88; C. J. Cuming, “The Jews in the Fourth Gospel,”
Expos-

NOTES / 197

itory Times
60 (1948-49): 290-92; Reginald Fuller, “The ’Jews’ in the Fourth

Gospel,”
Dialog
16 (1971): 37; Malcolm Lowe, “Who Were the Toudaioi?”
Novum
Testamentum
18/2 (1976):101-30; Massey Shepherd, “The Jews in the Gospel of

John: Another Level of Meaning,”
Anglican Theological Review Supplementary

Series
3 (1974): 96; John Townsend, “The Gospel of John and the Jews: The Story of a Religious Divorce,” in Alan Davies, ed.,
Anti-Semitism and the Foundations of
Christianity
(New York: Paulist Press, 1979), 72-97; Urban C. von Wahlde, “The Johannine ’Jews’: A Critical Survey,”
New Testament Studies
(1982): 33-60.

17. Rudolph Bultmann, 59.

18. Heinrich Schneider, “The Word Was Made Flesh: An Analysis of Revela-

tion in the Fourth Gospel,” 347-51.

19. Samuel Sandmel,
Anti-Semitism in the New Testament
(Philadelphia:

Fortress Press, 1978), 115-17.

20. Rudolph Bultmann, 85-94,
passim.

21. Fuller, “The ‘Jews’ in the Fourth Gospel,” 20.

22. Fergus Millar, “Reflections on the Trial of Jesus,” in P. R. Davies and

R. White, eds.,
A Tribute to Geza Vermes: Essays on Jewish and Christian

Literature and History
(Sheffield: JSOT Press, 1990), 355-81.

23. Rosemary Reuther,
Faith and Fratricide: The Theological Roots of Anti-

Semitism
(Minneapolis: Seabury Press, 1974).

24. Husband,
The Prosecution of Jesus
, 173-81.

25. Sandmel,
Anti-Semitism in the New Testament
, 115.

26. Dennis Nineham,
The Gospel of St. Mark
(Baltimore: Penguin Books,

1967), 412.

27. Dodd,
The Interpretation of the Fourth Gospel
, 97.

28. See, for example, Paul Winter,
On the Trial of Jesus
, 2nd ed. (Berlin:

De Gruyter, 1974).

29
. Ibid
., 88-89.

30. J. Andrew Overman,
Matthew’s Gospel and Formative Judaism
(Min-

neapolis: Fortress Press, 1990).

1. See W. H. C. Frend,
Martyrdom and Persecution in the Early Church

(Oxford: Blackwell, 1965), on the persecution of Christians from 50 to 313 C.E.

2. Tacitus,
Annals
15.44.

3. Robert L. Wilken, “
Pagan Criticism of Christianity: Greek Religion and

Christian Faith
,” in W. Schoedel, ed.,
Early Christian Literature and the

Classical Intellectual Tradition
(Paris: Editions Beauchesne, 1979), 117-34. For an excellent discussion, see Wilken,
The Christians As the Romans Saw Them
(New

Haven: Yale University Press, 1984).

4. Tertullian,
Apology
1.

5. Georges Villes,
La Gladiature en Occident des origines à la mort de Domi-

tien
(Rome: Ecole francaise de Rome, 1981); Carlin Barton,
The Sorrows of the
Ancient Romans: The Gladiator and the Monster
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992).

198 / NOTES

6. Tacitus,
Annals
15.44.

7. See
The Acts of the Christian Martyrs
, ed. and trans. H. A. Musurillo (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1972).

8. See Justin Martyr,
Dialogue with Trypho
, chaps. 1-6, for Justin’s own

account of these events; see also L. Barnard,
Justin Martyr: His Life and

Thought
(London: Cambridge University Press, 1967).

9. P. Hadot,
Exercices Spirituels et Philosophie Critique
(Paris: Études augus-tiniennes, 1981), 13-58.

10. Justin Martyr,
First Apology
61.

11. See Ramsay MacMullen,
Christianizing the Roman Empire: A.D, 100-400

(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1984), 27-31, for a discussion of Justin

Martyr’s conversion to Christianity. This statement paraphrases and borrows from

MacMullen’s incisive discussion.

12. Justin Martyr,
Dialogue with Trypho
7.

13.
Ibid
., 8.

14. On baptism in early Christianity, see Peter Cramer,
Baptism and Change

in the Early Middle Ages, c. 200-1150
(New York: Cambridge University

Press, 1993).

15. Justin Martyr,
First Apology
61.

16.
Ibid.

17. A. H. Armstrong, “The Ancient and Continuing Pieties of the Greek

World,” in A. H. Armstrong, ed.,
Classical Mediterranean Spirituality
(London: SCM Press, 1989), 66-101.

18. Felix Buffière,
Les Mythes d'Homère et la pensée grecque
(Paris: Société d'édition, 1956), chap. 5, 136-54; for a fascinating discussion of later

reinterpretation of Homer, see Robert Lamberton,
Homer the Theologian

(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989).

19. Justin Martyr,
First Apology
5,
passim.

20. For an excellent discussion of Justin and the other apologists, see H. Wey,

Die Funktionen der bösen Geisten bei den griechischen Apologeten des zweiten

Jahrhunderts nach Christus
(Wintermur: Keller, 1957), 3-32 (on Justin).

21. Justin Martyr,
First Apology
25.

22.
Ibid
., 43.

23. Justin Martyr,
Dialogue with Trypho
8.

24. Justin Martyr,
First Apology
14.

25.
Ibid.

26.
Ibid.
, 16.

27.
Ibid.
,6 .

28. Ibid., 27.

29.
Ibid.
, 28.

30.
Ibid.
, 12.

31. Elaine Pagels, “Christian Apologists and the ‘Fall of the Angels’: An

Attack on Roman Imperial Power?,”
Harvard Theological Review
78 (1985):

301-25.

32. See P. de Labriolle,
La Réaction paienne: Étude sur la polémique antichré-

tienne du Ier au IVè siècle
, 2nd ed. (Paris, 1948); Ramsay MacMullen,

NOTES / 199

Enemies of the Roman Order
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press,

1966).

33. Pliny,
Epistle
10.96. For discussion of Pliny’s letter, see Wilken,
The
Christians As the Romans Saw Them
, 15-17; A. N. Sherwin-White,
The Letters
of Pliny: A Historical and Social Commentary
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1966).

34. Justin Martyr,
First Apology
5.

35.
Ibid.
, 1.

36.
Ibid.
, 14.

37. Justin Martyr,
Second Apology
2.

38. Justin Martyr,
Second Apology
1.

39. Musurillo,
Acts of the Christian Martyrs
, chap. 5, “Martyrdom of Justin and His Companions.”

40. Fergus Millar,
The Emperor in the Roman World, 31 B.C.-337 A.D.

(Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1977).

41. P. A. Brunt, “Marcus Aurelius and the Christians.” See also Brunt, “Mar-

cus Aurelius and His Meditations,”
Journal of Roman Studies
64 (1974): 1-20,

and Wilken,
The Christians As the Romans Saw Them
, 48-67.

42. Marcus Aurelius,
Meditations
1.17.5; on Marcus Aurelius in general,

see the biography by A. Birley,
Marcus Aurelius
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1966).

43. See note 18.

44. Andre-Jean Voelke,
L’Idée de Volonté dans le Stoicisme
(Paris: Presses Uni-versitaires de France, 1973), 109-12.

45. Marcus Aurelius,
Meditations
4.5.

46.
Ibid.
, 4.44.

47.
Ibid.
, 3.2.

48.
Ibid.
, 2.16.

49.
Ibid.
, 12.14.

50.
Ibid.
, 2.

51.
Ibid.
, 3.16.

52.
Ibid.
, 8.49.

53.
Ibid.
, 9.40.

54.
Ibid.
, 9.34.

55.
Ibid.
, 4.15.

56.
Ibid.
, 4.49.

57.
Ibid.
, 10.5; see also 5.1.

58.
Ibid.
, 7.9.

59. Hans Dieter Betz,
The Greek Magical Papyri
(Chicago: University of

Chicago Press, 1986); John G. Gager,
Curse Tablets and Binding Spells
(New

York: Oxford University Press, 1992).

60. Marcus Aurelius,
Meditations
11.15.

61. See Wayne Meeks,
The Moral World of the First Christians
(Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1986).

62. Tatian,
Address to the Greeks
4.

63.
Ibid.

64.
Ibid.
, 7.

200 / NOTES

65.
Ibid.
, 16.

66.
Ibid.
, 15.

67.
Ibid.

68.
Ibid.
, 6.

69.
Ibid.
, 8.

70.
Ibid.
, 9.

71.
Ibid.
, 11.

72. For a discussion of changing perceptions of Hellenism in the Eastern

Empire, see Glen W. Bowersock,
Hellenism in Late Antiquity
(Ann Arbor:

University of Michigan Press, 1990).

73. Tatian,
Address to the Greeks
23.

74. Georges Villes,
La Gladiature en Occident des origines à la mort de Domi-

tien, 395-97
; Alan Cameron,
Circus Factions: The Blues and the Greens at Rome
and Byzantium
(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1976); Carlin Barton,
The Sorrows of the
Ancient Romans: The Gladiator and the Monster.

75. Tatian,
Address to the Greeks
28.

76. See Henri Crouzel,
Origen: The Life and Thought of the First Great The-

ologian
, trans. A. S. Worrall (San Francisco: Harper and Row, 1989); see also the discussion of Origen in Peter Brown,
The Body and Society: Men, Women, and

Sexual Renunciation in Early Christianity
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1988), 160-77.

77. Quoted by Eusebius,
Historia Ecclesiae
6.26, possibly from a letter. For discussion see Henri Crouzel,
Origen
, 6.

78. Origen,
Exhortation to Martyrdom.

79. See Origen,
Contra Celsum.