The Origin of Satan (38 page)

80.
Ibid.
, 8.68.

81.
Ibid.
, 1.1.

82.
Ibid.
, 1.31.

83.
Ibid.
, 1.27.

84.
Ibid.
, 1.29.

85.
Ibid.
, 4.22.

86.
Ibid.
, 7.68.

87.
Ibid.
; see also 8.31-32.

88.
Ibid.
, 7.68.

89. Ramsay MacMullen,
Christianizing the Roman Empire,
21.

90. Marcus Aurelius,
Meditations
6.44.

91. Tacitus,
Histories
5.5.

92. Origen, Contra Celsum 6.42.

93.
Ibid.
, 7.2.

94.
Ibid.
, 8.28.

95.
Ibid.
, 8.33.

96.
Ibid.
, 8.39.

97.
Ibid.
, 1.43.

98.
Ibid.
, 1.44.

99.
Ibid.
, 8.44.

100. Eusebius,
Historia Ecclesiae
6.34.

101. Origen,
Contra Celsum
8.65.

102.
Ibid.
, 8.73.

NOTES / 201

103.
Ibid.

104. Tertullian,
Apology
42.

105.
Ibid.
, 24. See also
Apology
28 and
To Scapula
2.

106. Origen,
Contra Celsum
1.1.

1. Tertullian,
Apology
, chap. 37.

2.
Ibid.
, chap. 3.

3. David L. Balch,
Let Wives Be Submissive: The Domestic Code in I Peter

(Chico, Calif.: Scholars Press, 1981). See also John H. Elliott,
A Home for the

Homeless: A Sociological Exegesis of 1 Peter, Its Situation and Strategy

(Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1981). For a fascinating discussion of the various

depictions of Paul, see Dennis Ronald MacDonald,
The Legend and the Apostle:

The Battle for Paul in Story and Canon
(Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1983).

4. For discussion, see Karlmann Beyschlag,
Clemens Romanus und der

Fruhkatholizismus
(Tubingen: Mohr, 1966); on 2 Clement, Karl Paul Donfried,

The Setting of Second Clement in Early Christianity
(Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1974).

5. I
Clement
, chap. 1.

6.
Ibid.

7.
Ibid.
, chap. 40.

8.
Ibid.
, chap. 37.

9.
Teaching of the Twelve Apostles
1.2.

10.
Ibid.
, 1.6.

11.
Ibid.
, 2.2.

12.
Letter of Barnabas,
chap. 18.

13.
Ibid.
, chap. 22.1-2; 19.

14.
Ibid.
, 18.2; cf. 2.1; 4.9.

15.
Ibid.
, chap. 2.

16.
Ibid.

17.
Ibid.
, chap. 9.9.

18.
Ibid.
, chap. 18.

19. Irenaeus,
Against Heresies,
ed. W. W. Harvey (Cambridge: Typis Aca-

demicis, 1857), vol. 1, preface.

20.
Ibid.

21.
Ibid.
, 1.27A.

22.
Ibid.
, 1.6.3.

23. For discussion, see Elaine Pagels,
The Gnostic Gospels
(New York: Ran-

dom House, 1979).

24.
Testimony of Truth
(NHC IX, 3)3.29.6.

25.
Ibid.
, 29.9-10.

26.
Ibid.
, 30.2-1.

27.
Ibid.
, 30.18-19.

28.
Ibid.
, 44.30-45 A.

29.
Ibid.
, 41.4-7.

30.
Ibid.
, 43.29-44.16.

31. Justin,
First Apology
29.

202 / NOTES

32.
Testimony of Truth
(NHC IX, 3) 29.15-17.

33.
Ibid.
, 41.3-4.

34.
Ibid.
, 41.28-42.14.

35.
Ibid.
, 47.5-6.

36.
Ibid.
, 47.14-30.

37.
Ibid.
, 41.4.

38.
Hypostasis of the Archons
(NHC 11,4) 86.26-27.

39.
Ibid.
, 86.27-31.

40.
Ibid.
, 86.31-87.4; 94.22-95.13.

41.
Ibid.
, 91.7-11.

42.
Ibid.
, 96.17-27.

43. On the “undominated generation,” see Michael Williams,
The Immove-

able Race: A Gnostic Designation and the Theme of Stability in Late Antiquity

(Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1985).

44.
Apocryphon of John
(NHC II, 1) 24.15-27.

45.
Ibid.
, 28.11-14.

46.
Ibid.
, 28.21-29.

47.
Ibid.
, 29.17-20.

48.
Ibid.
, 29.32-30.7.

49. Tertullian,
Prescription Against Heretics
, chap. 5.

50.
Ibid.
, chap. 6.

51. Tertullian,
Against the Valentinians
, chap. 4.

52. Tertullian,
Prescription
, chap. 7.

53.
Ibid.
, chap. 8.

54.
Ibid.
, chap. 11.

55.
Ibid.
, chap. 16.

56.
Ibid.
, chap. 18.

57.
Ibid.
, chap. 37.

58.
Ibid.
, chap. 40.

59.
Ibid.
, chap. 18.

60.
Ibid.
, chap. 39.

61. Tertullian,
Against the Valentinians
, chap. 4.

62.
Ibid.

63. Walther Volker, ed.,
Quellen zur Geschichte der Christlichen Gnosis
(Tübingen: J. C. B. Mohr, 1932), “Die Fragmente Valentins”, Fragment 7, p. 59.

64. Hippolytus,
Refutation of All Heresies
8.15.1-2.

65. Theodotus, cited by Clement of Alexandria,
Excerpts from Theodotus
78.2.

66.
Gospel of Philip
(NHC II, 3) 79.22-31.

67. For discussion, see Pagels,
The Johannine Gospel in Gnostic Exegesis
(Nashville, Tenn.: Abingdon Press, 1993), 83-97.

68. Irenaeus,
Against Heresies
1.6.2.

69. Tertullian,
Prescription
, chap. 3.

70. Irenaeus,
Against Heresies
3.15.2.

71.
Ibid.
, 1.11.1; 1.21.3.

72.
Ibid.
, 4.33.7.

73.
Ibid.
, 1.6.2-3.

NOTES / 203

74.
Ibid.
, 1.13.7,1.13.5.

75.
Ibid.
, 1.13.3.

76.
Ibid.
, 1.13.3.

77. See, for example, Jeremiah 2:1-3:5; Hosea 2:1-4:19; Isaiah 60:1.

78. Volker,
Quellen
, Fragment 2, p. 58.

79.
Gospel of Truth
(NHC I, 3)32.35-33.21.

80. For a fuller discussion, sec Pagels, “The Mystery of Marriage in the

Gospel of Philip, Revisited,” in Birger A. Pearson, ed.,
The Future of Early

Christianity: Essays in Honor of Helmut Koester
(Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1991).

81. For an excellent discussion, see Klaus Koschorke, “Die ‘Namen’ in

Philippus evangelium: Beobachtungcn zur Auseinandersetzung zwischen

gnostischem und kirchlichlem Christentum,”
Zeitschrift fur Neutestamentliche

Wissenschaft
64 (1973): 307-22.

82.
Gospel of Philip
(NHC II, 3) 74.5-12.

83.
Ibid.
, 80.23-81.14.

84.
Ibid.
, 66.5 5-7.

85.
Ibid.
, 78.24-79.14.

86.
Ibid.
, 79.34-35.

87.
Ibid.
, 80.10.

88.
Ibid.
, 73.33-74.2.

89.
Ibid.
, 83.13-30.

90.
Ibid.
, 84.1-6.

91.
Ibid.
, 84.11-14.

92.
Ibid.
, 55.23-26.

93.
Ibid.
, 55.26-30.

94.
Ibid.
, 52.21-25.

95.
Ibid
., 64.22-24.

96.
Ibid.,
64.29-30.

97.
Ibid
.,77.2-3.

98.
Ibid
., 67.26.

99.
Gospel of Thomas
(NHC II, 2) 33.19-20.

100. Irenaeus,
Against Heresies
4.26.3.

101. 7 4.26.2.

102.
Ibid.
, 5.26.2.

103.
Ibid.
, 4.33.8.

Conclusion

1. Athanasius,
Life of Anthony
28.

2.
Ibid
., 41.

I discovered John Dominick Crossan’s incisive book
Who Killed Jesus? Exposing

the Roots of Anti-Semitism in the Gospel Story of the Death of Jesus
(San Francisco: Harper Collins, 1995) only after I had completed my work on this book and so was

not able to refer to it in the text.

[THIS PAGE WAS INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK]

I N D E X

Abel, 162

abortion, sin of, 154

Anthony, 173, 180-81

Abraham, 35-36, 37, 51, 54, 59, 78, 137

Antioch, 65, 75, 138

Acts of the Apostles, 97-98, 113, 180

Antiochus Epiphanes, 45-46

Adam and Eve, 49

Antipas, 4

in Nag Hammadi texts, 159-60, 161,

anti-Semitism, 34, 104-5

162-63

Antoninus, Marcus Aurelius,
see
Marcus

“Address to the Greeks” (Tatian), 131-35

Aurelius, Emperor of Rome

adultery, sin of, 154, 170

Antoninus Pius, Emperor of Rome,

Against Heresies
(Irenaeus), 155, 169,

124-25, 126

177-78

Aphrodite, 120, 126

agape
(“love”), 172

apocalyptic literature, 13, 51, 56, 179

Agrippall, 108

apocrypha, 35, 48-55, 56

Ahriman, xviii

Book of the Watchers
, 49-52, 54, 55, 56,

Akkad, xviii

58,60

Albinus, 108

First Book of Enoch
, 50, 52-53, 56

Alexander the Great. 9, 44, 45, 50

Jubilees
, 53-55. 56, 59, 60

Alexandria, 8, 10, 29-30, 69, 136, 137,

1 Maccabees, 14, 45-46

157,173

Apollo, 119, 120, 126

almah
(“young woman”), 77

“apostolic fathers of the church, the,” col-

Ambrose, 137, 146

lected writings of, 153-55, 156

Ammonites, 36

aposynagoge, 99

Amos, 38

Apuleius, Lucius, 130

Ananus II, 108

Ares, 120

Andrew, 17,24.67

Aristotle, 132

angelology, 59-60

Armstrong, A. H., 119

Angels, xv, xvi-xvii, 12, 13, 36, 90, 149,

assimilation, conflicts over, 38, 45-46, 53,

155,162-63,181

55, 57, 60

adversarial role of, 39-43

Athanasius, 173

demonic offspring of, 49, 50, 54,

Augustine of Hippo, 182

132-33,158

Azazel, 47, 50, 51,55

derivation of term, 39

Essenes and, 59-60

Babylonian exile, 43, 45

Fallen, xv-xvii, 47-55, 58. 85-86. 118,

Balaam, storv of, 40-41

131-33, 141, 143, 158-63, 165, 169

Balch, David, 151

mating of, with human women, 48-49,

50-51, 163

metallurgy introduced by, 50, 163

as “sons of God” (
bene ‘elohim
), 39, 41,

48, 50

“watcher,” 50-53

Annas, 107

206 / I N D E X

baptism, xvi, 117, 125, 133, 146, 147,149

Christianity, early, 112-48, 149-78

exorcism through, xvi, 117, 118, 122,

clerical authorities of, 151, 152-53,

149

155, 156, 164, 165, 166, 168, 169,

in Gnosticism, 166, 168, 175-76

170, 177, 178

of Jesus, 11-12, 15,77,99, 123

institutionalization of, 70, 74, 150-53,

rebirth through, 114, 118-19, 120,

169, 178

121, 132, 175

“laity” of, 152-53

spirit of God conveyed in, 11, 15, 117,

marriage and, 149-50, 151, 172, 176

118, 123, 149, 150, 175

moral codes of, 149-52, 153-55, 156,

Barabbas, 29

157, 168, 169-70, 171, 172, 174,

barbaroi
(“barbarian”), xix

176

Barnabas, Letter of
, x, 154—55, 158

orthodox doctrine of, 163-65, 168-69,

Beatitudes, 66

174-75, 177, 178

Beelzebub, xvii, 20, 34, 47

paganism vs.,
see
gods, pagan; paganism,

Belial, xvii, xviii, 34, 47, 53, 54, 55, 58

pagans

Beliar, 58-59

questions prohibited in, 164—65

Beli‘or
(“without light”), 58

regula fidei
(“rule of faith”) in, 164

bene 'elohim
(“sons of God”), 39, 41, 48,

spread of, 114-15, 139-40, 149

50

Christians, early, 7-8, 9-10, 24-25, 27-28,

Bernfield, Simon, xxi

47, 51, 61, 63-88, 89-111, 112-48

bestial imagery, 38-39, 55-56, 113

“atheism” of, 112, 138

Bethlehem, 77, 78

charges leveled against, 123, 138-39,

Bethsaida, 80

141, 143-44, 145, 147

Betz, Hans Dieter, 130

civic virtue of, 131, 145-47, 151

communities of, 64—65, 68, 75, 95,

birkat ha-minim
(“benediction of the

heretics”), 99

98-99,113, 150, 151, 152

conversion of, 112, 114, 115, 118-19,

Blinzler, Josef, xxi-xxii

125, 136, 138, 149-50, 185

Book of the Watchers
, 49-52, 54, 55, 56,

death accepted by, 115-16, 119, 121;

58,60

Brown, Raymond, 29, 31, 95, 101, 102

see also
martyrdom

Buber, Martin, xvi, xviii

expelled from synagogues, 98-99

Gentile, 34, 63-64, 65, 88, 89, 112,

Bultmann, Rudolph, 103, 104

114, 179, 180

Caiaphas, 107

illiterate, 115,119, 139,140, 141

Cain, 162

instinctual drives controlled by, 121.