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Authors: Dante Alighieri

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extracts the tears the scalding blood produces from Rinier da Corneto and Rinier Pazzo, whose battlefields were highways where they robbed. ”

138

Then he turned round and crossed the ford again.

CANTO XIII

N
O SOONER
are the poets across the Phlegethon than they encounter a dense forest, from which come wails and moans, and which is presided over by the hideous harpies

half-woman, half-beast, birdlike creatures. Virgil tells his ward to break off a branch of one of the trees; when he does, the tree weeps blood and speaks. In life he was Pier Delle Vigne, chief counselor of Frederick II of Sicily; but he fell out of favor, was accused unjustly of treacherý, and was imprisoned, whereupon he killed himself. The Pilgrim is overwhelmed by pity. The sinner also explains how the souls of the suicides come to this punishment and what will happen to them after the Last judgment. Suddenly they are interrupted by the wild sounds of the hunt, and two naked figures, Lano of Siena and Giacomo da Sant’ Andrea, dash across the landscape, shouting at each other, until one of them hides himself in a thorny bush; immediately a pack of fierce, black dogs rush in, pounce on the hidden sinner, and rip his body, carrying away mouthfuls of flesh. The bush, which has been torn in the process, begins to lament. The two learn that the cries are those of a Florentine who had hanged himself in his own home.

Not yet had Nessus reached the other side when we were on our way into a forest that was not marked by any path at all.

3

Sextus is probably the younger son of Pompey the Great. After the murder of Caesar he turned to piracy, causing near famine in Rome by cutting off the grain supply from Africa. He is condemned by Lucan (
Pharsalia
VI, 420-422) as being unworthy of his father. A few commentators believe that Dante is referring to Sextus Tarquinius Superbus, who raped and caused the death of Lucretia, the wife of his cousin.

137-138. Rinier da Corneto and Rinier Pazzo were two highway robbers famous in Dante’s day.

No green leaves, but rather black in color, no smooth branches, but twisted and entangled, no fruit, but thorns of poison bloomed instead.

6

No thick, rough, scrubby home like this exists— not even between Cecina and Corneto— for those wild beasts that hate the run of farmlands.

9

Here the repulsive Harpies twine their nests, who drove the Trojans from the Strophades with filthy forecasts of their close disaster.

12

Wide-winged they are, with human necks and faces, their feet are clawed, their bellies fat and feathered; perched in the trees they shriek their strange laments.

15

“Before we go on farther, ” my guide began, “remember, you are in the second round and shall be till we reach the dreadful sand;

18

now look around you carefully and see with your own eyes what I will not describe, for if I did, you wouldn’t believe my words. ”

21

Around me wails of grief were echoing, and I saw no one there to make those sounds; bewildered by all this, I had to stop.

24

I think perhaps he thought I might be thinking that all the voices coming from those stumps belonged to people hiding there from us,

27

and so my teacher said, “If you break off a little branch of any of these plants, what you are thinking now will break off too. ”

30

Then slowly raising up my hand a bit I snapped the tiny branch of a great thornbush, and its trunk cried: “Why are you tearing me?”

33

8-9. The vast swampland known as the “Maremma toscana” lies between the towns of Cecina and Corneto, which mark its northern and southern boundaries.

And when its blood turned dark around the wound, it started saying more: “Why do you rip me? Have you no sense of pity whatsoever?

36

Men were we once, now we are changed to scrub; but even if we had been souls of serpents, your hand should have shown more pity than it did. ”

39

Like a green log burning at one end only, sputtering at the other, oozing sap, and hissing with the air it forces out,

42

so from that splintered trunk a mixture poured of words and blood. I let the branch I held fall from my hand and stood there stiff with fear.

45

“O wounded soul, ” my sage replied to him, “if he had only let himself believe what he had read in verses I once wrote,

48

he never would have raised his hand against you, but the truth itself was so incredible, I urged him on to do the thing that grieves me.

51

But tell him who you were; he can make amends, and will, by making bloom again your fame in the world above, where his return is sure. ”

54

And the trunk: “So appealing are your lovely words, I must reply. Be not displeased if I am lured into a little conversation.

57

I am that one who held both of the keys that fitted Frederick’s heart; I turned them both, locking and unlocking, with such finesse

60

that I let few into his confidence. I was so faithful to my glorious office, I lost not only sleep but life itself.

63

47-49. Virgil is referring to that section of the
Aeneid
(III, 22-43) where Aeneas breaks a branch from a shrub, which then begins to pour forth blood; at the same time a voice issues from the ground beneath the shrub where Poiydorus is buried. (See Canto XXX, 18.)
That courtesan who constantly surveyed

Caesar’s household with her adulterous eyes, mankind’s undoing, the special vice of courts,

66

inflamed the hearts of everyone against me, and these, inflamed, inflamed in turn Augustus, and my happy honors turned to sad laments.

69

My mind, moved by scornful satisfaction, believing death would free me from all scorn, made me unjust to me, who was all just.

72

By these strange roots of my own tree I swear to you that never once did I break faith with my lord, who was so worthy of all honor.

75

If one of you should go back to the world, restore the memory of me, who here remain cut down by the blow that Envy gave. ”

78

My poet paused awhile, then said to me, “Since he is silent now, don’t lose your chance, ask him, if there is more you wish to know. ”

81

“Why don’t you keep on questioning, ” I said, “and ask him, for my part, what I would ask, for I cannot, such pity chokes my heart. ”

84

He began again: “That this man may fulfill generously what your words cry out for, imprisoned soul, may it please you to continue

87

by telling us just how a soul gets bound into these knots, and tell us, if you know, whether any soul might someday leave his branches. ”

90

At that the trunk breathed heavily, and then the breath changed to a voice that spoke these words: “Your question will be answered very briefly.

93

68-72. Pier was also a renowned poet of the Sicilian School, which flourished under Frederick’s patronage and which is noted for its love of complex conceits and convoluted wordplay.

The moment that the violent soul departs the body it has torn itself away from, Minos sends it down to the seventh hole;

96

it drops to the wood, not in a place allotted, but anywhere that fortune tosses it. There, like a grain of spelt, it germinates,

99

soon springs into a sapling, then a wild tree; at last the Harpies, feasting on its leaves, create its pain, and for the pain an outlet.

102

Like the rest, we shall return to claim our bodies, but never again to wear them—wrong it is for a man to have again what he once cast off.

105

We shall drag them here and, all along the mournful forest, our bodies shall hang forever more, each one on a thorn of its own alien shade. ”

108

We were standing still attentive to the trunk, thinking perhaps it might have more to say, when we were startled by a rushing sound,

111

such as the hunter hears from where he stands: first the boar, then all the chase approaching, the crash of hunting dogs and branches smashing,

114

then, to the left of us appeared two shapes naked and gashed, fleeing with such rough speed they tore away with them the bushes’ branches.

117

The one ahead: “Come on, come quickly, Death!” The other, who could not keep up the pace, screamed, “Lano, your legs were not so nimble

120

115-121. The second group of souls punished here are the Profligates, who did violence to their earthly goods by not valuing them as they should have, just as the Suicides did not value their bodies. The “tournament of Toppo” (121) recalls the disastrous defeat of the Sienese troops at the hands of the Aretines in 1287 at a river ford near Arezzo. Lano went into this battle to die because he had squandered his fortune: as legend has it, he remained to fight rather than escape on foot (hence Giacomo’s reference to his “legs, ” 120), and was killed.

when you jousted in the tournament of Toppo!” And then, from lack of breath perhaps, he slipped into a bush and wrapped himself in thorns.

123

Behind these two the wood was overrun by packs of black bitches ravenous and ready, like hunting dogs just broken from their chains;

126

they sank their fangs in that poor wretch who hid, they ripped him open piece by piece, and then ran off with mouthfuls of his wretched limbs.

129

Quickly my escort took me by the hand and led me over to the bush that wept its vain laments from every bleeding sore:

132

“O Giacomo da Sant’ Andrea, ” it said, “what good was it for you to hide in me? What fault have I if you led an evil life?”

135

My master, standing over it, inquired: “Who were you once that now through many wounds breathes a grieving sermon with your blood?”

138

He answered us: “O souls who have just come in time to see this unjust mutilation that has separated me from all my leaves,

141

gather them round the foot of this sad bush. I was from the city that took the Baptist in exchange for her first patron, who, for this,

144

swears by his art she will have endless sorrow; and were it not that on the Arno’s bridge some vestige of his image still remains,

147

143-150. The identity of this Florentine Suicide remains unknown. The “first patron” of Florence was Mars, god of war; a fragment of his statue was to be found on the Ponte Vecchio until 1333. The second patron of the city was John the Baptist (143), whose image appeared on the florin, the principal monetary unit of the time. Florence’s change of patron indicates its transformation from stronghold of martial excellence (under Mars) to one of servile money-making (under the Baptist).

those citizens who built anew the city on the ashes that Attila left behind would have accomplished such a task in vain;

150

I turned my home into my hanging place. ”

CANTO XIV

T
HEY COME
to the edge of the Wood of the Suicides, where they see before them a stretch of burning sand upon which flames rain eternally and through which a stream of boiling blood is carried in a raised channel formed of rock. There, many groups of tortured souls are on the burning sand; Virgil explains that those lying supine on the ground are the Blasphemers, those crouching are the Usurers, and those wandering aimlessly, never stopping, are the Sodomites. Representative of the blasphemers is Capaneus, who died cursing his god. The Pilgrim questions his guide about the source of the river of boiling blood; Virgil’s reply contains the most elaborate symbol in the
Inferno,
that of the Old Man of Crete, whose tears are the source of all the rivers in Hell.

The love we both shared for our native city moved me to gather up the scattered leaves and give them back to the voice that now had faded.

3

We reached the confines of the woods that separate the second from the third round. There I saw God’s justice in its dreadful operation.

6

Now to picture clearly these unheard-of things: we arrived to face an open stretch of flatland whose soil refused the roots of any plant;

9
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