The Power of Habit: Why We Do What We Do in Life and Business (57 page)

8.20
“getting together there without you”
Tom Mathews and Roy Wilkins,
Standing Fast: The Autobiography of Roy Wilkins
(Cambridge, Mass.: Da Capo, 1994).

8.21
“boycott of city buses Monday”
Branch,
Parting the Waters.

8.22
“singing out, ‘No riders today’ ”
King,
Stride Toward Freedom
; James M. Washington,
A Testament of Hope: The Essential Writings and Speeches of Martin Luther King, Jr.
(New York: HarperCollins, 1990).

8.23
was in doubt
King,
Stride Toward Freedom.

8.24
drawing circles around major U.S. cities
For understanding Pastor Warren’s story, I am indebted to Rick Warren, Glenn Kruen, Steve Gladen, Jeff Sheler, Anne Krumm, and the following books: Jeffrey Sheler,
Prophet of Purpose: The Life of Rick Warren
(New York: Doubleday, 2009); Rick Warren,
The Purpose-Driven Church
(Grand Rapids, Mich.: Zondervan, 1995); and the following articles: Barbara Bradley, “Marketing That New-Time Religion,”
Los Angeles Times,
December 10, 1995; John Wilson, “Not Just Another Mega Church,”
Christianity Today,
December 4, 2000; “Therapy of the Masses,”
The Economist,
November 6, 2003; “The Glue of Society,”
The Economist,
July 14, 2005; Malcolm Gladwell, “The Cellular Church,”
The New Yorker,
September 12, 2005; Alex MacLeod, “Rick Warren: A Heart for the Poor,”
Presbyterian Record,
January 1, 2008; Andrew, Ann, and John Kuzma, “How Religion Has Embraced Marketing and the Implications for Business,”
Journal of Management and Marketing Research
2 (2009): 1–10.

8.25
“our destination was a settled issue”
Warren,
Purpose-Driven Church.

8.26
“any chance of liberating multitudes”
Donald McGavran,
The Bridges of God
(New York: Friendship Press, 1955). Italics added.

8.27
“How to Survive Under Stress”
Sheler,
Prophet of Purpose.

8.28
“I’m going to have to sit down”
In a fact-checking email a Saddleback spokesperson, provided additional details: “Rick suffers from a brain chemistry disorder that makes him allergic to adrenaline. This genetic problem resists medication and makes public speaking painful, with blurred vision, headaches, hot flashes, and panic. Symptoms usually last around fifteen minutes; by that time, enough adrenaline is expended so the body can return to normal function. (His adrenaline rushes, like any speaker might experience, whenever he gets up to preach.) Pastor Rick says this weakness keeps him dependent on God.”

8.29
“habits that will help you grow”
Discovering Spiritual Maturity
, Class 201, published by Saddleback Church,
http://www.saddlebackresources.com/CLASS-201-Discovering-Spiritual-Maturity-Complete-Kit-Download-P3532.aspx
.

8.30
“we just … get out of your way”
In a fact-checking email a Saddleback spokesperson said that while an important tenet of Saddleback is teaching people to guide themselves, “this implies that each person can go in any direction they choose. Biblical principles/guidelines have a clear direction. The goal of small group study is to teach people the spiritual disciplines of faith
and
everyday habits that can be applied to daily life.”

8.31
“community to continue the struggle”
Martin Luther King, Jr.,
The Autobiography of Martin Luther King, Jr.
, ed. Clayborne Carson (New York: Grand Central, 2001).

8.32
“shall perish by the sword”
Carson; King,

8.33
segregation law violated the Constitution
Browder v. Gayle,
352 U.S. 903 (1956).

8.34
and sat in the front
Washington,
Testament of Hope
.

8.35
“glad to have you”
Kirk,
Martin Luther King, Jr
.

8.36
“work and worry of the boycott”
Ibid.

9.1
reorganizing the silverware drawer
“Angie Bachmann” is a pseudonym. Reporting for her story is based on more than ten hours of interviews with Bachmann, additional interviews with people who know Bachmann, and dozens of news articles and court filings. However, when Bachmann was presented with fact-checking questions, she declined to participate except to state that almost all details were inaccurate—including those she had previously confirmed, as well as facts confirmed by other sources, in court records, or by public documents—and then she cut off communication.

9.2
“while thousands are injured
”
The Writings of George Washington,
vol. 8, ed. Jared Sparks (1835).

9.3
swelled by more than $269 million
Iowa Racing and Gaming Commission, Des Moines, Iowa, 2010.

9.4
“What have I done?”
Simon de Bruxelles, “Sleepwalker Brian Thomas Admits Killing Wife While Fighting Intruders in Nightmare,”
The Times,
November 18, 2009.

9.5
“I thought somebody had broken in”
Jane Mathews, “My Horror, by Husband Who Strangled Wife in Nightmare,”
Daily Express,
December 16, 2010.

9.6
“She’s my world”
Simon de Bruxelles, “Sleepwalker Brian Thomas Admits Killing Wife While Fighting Intruders in Nightmare.”
The Times,
November 18, 2009.

9.7
annoying but benign problem
In some instances, people sleepwalk while they experience dreams, a condition known as REM sleep behavior disorder (see C. H. Schenck et al., “Motor Dyscontrol in Narcolepsy: Rapid-Eye-Movement [REM] Sleep Without Atonia and REM Sleep Behavior Disorder,”
Annals of Neurology
32, no. 1 [July 1992]: 3–10). In other instances, people are not dreaming, but move nonetheless.

9.8
something called
sleep terrors
C. Bassetti, F. Siclari, and R. Urbaniok, “Violence in Sleep,”
Schweizer Archiv Fur Neurologie und Psychiatrie
160, no. 8 (2009): 322–33.

9.9
the higher brain to put things
C. A. Tassinari et al., “Biting Behavior, Aggression, and Seizures,”
Epilepsia
46, no. 5 (2005): 654–63; C. Bassetti et al., “SPECT During Sleepwalking,”
The Lancet
356, no. 9228 (2000): 484–85;
K. Schindler et al., “Hypoperfusion of Anterior Cingulate Gyrus in a Case of Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dustonia,”
Neurology
57, no. 5 (2001): 917–20; C. A. Tassinari et al., “Central Pattern Generators for a Common Semiology in Fronto-Limbic Seizures and in Parasomnias,”
Neurological Sciences
26, no. 3 (2005): 225–32.

9.10
“64% of cases, with injuries in 3%”
P. T. D’Orban and C. Howard, “Violence in Sleep: Medico-Legal Issues and Two Case Reports,”
Psychological Medicine
17, no. 4 (1987): 915–25; B. Boeve, E. Olson, and M. Silber, “Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder: Demographic, Clinical, and Laboratory Findings in 93 Cases,”
Brain
123, no. 2 (2000): 331–39.

9.11
both the United States and the United Kingdom
John Hudson, “Common Law—Henry II and the Birth of a State,” BBC, February 17, 2011; Thomas Morawetz, “Murder and Manslaughter: Degrees of Seriousness, Common Law and Statutory Law, the Model Penal Code,” Law Library—American Law and Legal Information,
http://law.jrank.org/pages/18652/Homicide.html
.

9.12
would have never consciously carried out
M. Diamond, “Criminal Responsibility of the Addiction: Conviction by Force of Habit,”
Fordham Urban Law Journal
1, no. 3 (1972); R. Broughton et al., “Homicidal Somnambulism: A Case Report,”
Sleep
17, no. 3 (1994): 253–64; R. Cartwright, “Sleepwalking Violence: A Sleep Disorder, a Legal Dilemma, and a Psychological Challenge,”
American Journal of Psychiatry
161, no. 7 (2004): 1149–58; P. Fenwick, “Automatism, Medicine, and the Law,”
Psychological Medicine Monograph Supplement,
no. 17 (1990): 1–27; M. Hanson, “Toward a New Assumption in Law and Ethics,”
The Humanist
66, no. 4 (2006).

9.13
attack occurred during a sleep terror
L. Smith-Spark, “How Sleepwalking Can Lead to Killing,”
BBC News,
March 18, 2005.

9.14
later acquitted of attempted murder
Beth Hale, “Sleepwalk Defense Clears Woman of Trying to Murder Her Mother in Bed,”
Daily Mail,
June 3, 2009.

9.15
sleep terrors and was found not guilty
John Robertson and Gareth Rose, “Sleepwalker Is Cleared of Raping Teenage Girl,”
The Scotsman,
June 22, 2011.

9.16
“Why did I do it?
” Stuart Jeffries, “Sleep Disorder: When the Lights Go Out,”
The Guardian,
December 5, 2009.

9.17
“his mind had no control”
Richard Smith, “Grandad Killed His Wife During a Dream,”
The Mirror,
November 18, 2009.

9.18
“a straight not guilty verdict”
Anthony Stone, “Nightmare Man Who Strangled His Wife in a ‘Night Terror’ Walks Free,”
Western Mail,
November 21, 2009.

9.19
you bear no responsibility
Ibid.

9.20
to perfect their methods
Christina Binkley, “Casino Chain Mines Data on Its Gamblers, and Strikes Pay Dirt,”
The Wall Street Journal,
November 22, 2004; Rajiv Lal, “Harrah’s Entertainment, Inc.,” Harvard Business School, case no. 9–604–016, June 14, 2004; K. Ahsan et al., “Harrah’s Entertainment, Inc.: Real-Time CRM in a Service Supply Chain,”
Harvard Business Review,
case no. GS50, May 8, 2006; V. Chang and J. Pfeffer, “Gary Loveman and Harrah’s Entertainment
,
”
Harvard Business Review
, case no. OB45, November 4, 2003; Gary Loveman, “Diamonds in the Data Mine,”
Harvard Business Review,
case no. R0305H, May 1, 2003.

9.21
to the cent and minute
In a statement, Caesars Entertainment wrote: “Under the terms of the settlement reached in May of 2011 between Caesars Riverboat Casino and [Bachmann], both sides (including their representatives) are precluded from discussing certain details of the case.… There are many specific points we would contest, but we are unable to do so at this point. You have asked several questions revolving around conversations that allegedly took place between [Bachmann] and unnamed Caesars affiliated employees. Because she did not provide names, there is no independent verification of her accounts, and we hope your reporting will reflect that, either by omitting the stories or by making it clear that they are unverified. Like most large companies in the service industry, we pay attention to our customers’ purchasing decisions as a way of monitoring customer satisfaction and evaluating the effectiveness of our marketing campaigns. Like most companies, we look for ways to attract customers, and we make efforts to maintain them as loyal customers. And like most companies, when our customers change their established patterns, we try to understand why, and encourage them to return. That’s no different than a hotel chain, an airline, or a dry cleaner. That’s what good customer service is about.… Caesars Entertainment (formerly known as Harrah’s Entertainment) and its affiliates have long been an industry leader in responsible gaming. We were the first gaming company to develop a written Code of Commitment that governs how we treat our guests. We were the first casino company with a national self-exclusion program that allows customers to ban themselves from all of our properties if they feel they have a problem, or for any other reason. And we are the only casino company to fund a national television advertising campaign to promote responsible gaming. We hope your writing will reflect that history, as well as the fact that none of [Bachmann’s] statements you cite have been independently verified.”

9.22
“
did
do those nice things for me”
In a statement, Caesars Entertainment wrote: “We would never fire or penalize a host if one of their guests stopped visiting (unless it was the direct result of something the host did). And none
of our hosts would be allowed to tell a guest that he or she would be fired or otherwise penalized if that guest did not visit.”

9.23
watch a slot machine spin around
M. Dixon and R. Habib, “Neurobehavioral Evidence for the ‘Near-Miss’ Effect in Pathological Gamblers,”
Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior
93, no. 3 (2010): 313–28; H. Chase and L. Clark, “Gambling Severity Predicts Midbrain Response to Near-Miss Outcomes,”
Journal of Neuroscience
30, no. 18 (2010): 6180–87; L. Clark et al., “Gambling Near-Misses Enhance Motivation to Gamble and Recruit Win-Related Brain Circuitry,”
Neuron
61, no. 3 (2009): 481–90; Luke Clark, “Decision-Making During Gambling: An Integration of Cognitive and Psychobiological Approaches,”
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B: Biological Sciences
365, no. 1538 (2010): 319–30.