The Red and the White: A Family Saga of the American West (55 page)

in Indian culture, 279

white-Indian exchange of, 40

Glacier National Park, 205, 213, 216, 217, 222

conflicting visions for, 182–83

establishment of, 146, 178, 181–82,
182
, 200

N.Y. tourist promotion for, 187

renaming of landscape features at, 193–94

tourism at, 182–83, 187–88, 189–90, 225

Glacier Park Lodge, 6, 146–47,
182
, 183, 211, 217, 220, 223, 235

glaciers, glaciation,
176
, 177

Glencoe massacre (Scotland), 138

gold, lust for, 85–89, 92, 206, 266

Good Singing (Akseniski), 92–93

Grant, Johnny, 84

Grant, Ulysses S., 55, 93, 132, 273, 274, 275

“peace policy” of, 134–35

Grasshopper Creek, 86

Gray Eyes, 108

Gray Wolf, 123–24

Great Depression, 227, 231, 241

Great Falls, Mont., 121, 196, 200, 210, 215

Great Falls Leader Daily
, 186

Great Falls Tribune
, 186

Great Lakes, 20, 27, 33, 45, 48, 58, 84

Great Northern Railway, 6–7, 181–82,
182
, 187, 204, 212, 213, 222

debate over Rocky Mountain goat logo of, 211, 289

Grinnell, George Bird, 4, 177, 181–82, 194, 284

Gros Ventres, 96

Guggenheim, Mrs. Isaac, 183

guns:

in beaver hunting, 27

Indian culture transformed by, 24–25, 41

Guy Mannering
(D. Terry), 157

haberdashery, 27, 39

Hagler, Lindsay, 55–56, 70–71, 75, 260

Haiti, 11

Half-Breed, The
(Whitman), 82–83

“half-breed,” use of term, 7, 82–84, 154, 162

Halligan, Father, 192

Halvorson, Clara, 202

Hamilton, Alf, 148

Hardie, James A., 116–17

Harding, Warren G., 197

Harper’s Weekly
, 133

Harrison, Benjamin, 171

Harrison, William Henry, 20

Hartford, Conn., 201

Harvey, Alexander, 75–78, 81, 89, 91, 92, 260

HBC blanket, 28, 251

Heavy Runner, 108–9, 129, 145, 150

Baker’s attack on,
107, 119
, 121, 125–27, 147

in heirs’ compensation claim, 148–51

mistaken identity and death of, 125–27, 148, 150, 161

Helena, Mont., 1–3, 87, 92, 97, 103, 104, 105, 110, 112, 117, 121, 151, 185, 201

J. L. Clarke’s carving demonstration and sale in, 219, 239

State Capitol at, 236

Helena Daily Herald
, 130, 161

Helena grade school, 159, 193

Helena Woman’s Club, 211

Helen Lake, 194

Henday, Anthony, 28

Henry (Helen Clarke’s lover), 160–61, 169

Hidatsas, 16, 25–26

Highwood, Mont., 199

Highwood Mountains, 146

Hilger, David,
150
, 151–52

Hill, Louis W., 181–84, 187, 190, 204–5, 212

J. L. Clarke’s commissioned work for, 211

Hispanic Society of America, 220, 222

Hitler, Adolf, 218

Hooker, Joseph, 116

horse racing, 90

horses:

Indian culture transformed by, 22–25,
23
, 41, 229

theft of, 16, 17, 23–25, 94, 99, 100, 108, 129, 148

wealth measured in, 24–25, 56, 94, 148

House of Representatives, U.S., 166

army appropriations bill in, 140

Crockett in, 69

in Indian affairs, 132–33, 135–37

Houston, Sam, 69, 70, 71

Houston Volunteer Guards, 71

Hudson River, 20, 45, 54, 65

Hudson’s Bay Company (HBC), 17, 27–29, 33, 48, 250

Huntley, Chet, 236

Illinois, 19, 20, 40

Imata-Koan (Little Dog), 216–17

immigrants, 34, 119, 208, 209

Indiana, 19

Indian Affairs Bureau, 133–34

Indian art:

blossoming of interest in, 225

collectors of, 216–17

government support for, 227–28, 231

in New Deal, 228

“Indian craze,” 216–17, 226

Indian head icon, 215

“Indian informants,” 234

Indian New Deal, 227

Indian Reorganization Act (1934), 223

Indian ring, 133, 135

Indians:

anthropological studies of, 233–35, 242–44

brutality toward, 128

brutal vengeance of, 63–65

dedication to traditions and old ways of, 193–94, 223,
224
, 234–35

deleterious effects of gold rush upon, 86, 88–89

diplomatic missions to, 107–9, 117, 121

dispossession of, 6, 62, 96, 137, 284;
see also
allotment policy

eroding autonomy of, 41

forced assimilation of, 167, 185, 225, 231

in fur trade, 17, 33, 35–36, 35, 62

government duplicity toward, 89, 133, 134, 171–72, 178, 180–81, 210, 223, 242

government policy toward, 96–97, 109, 134–38, 166–81, 225, 231

during Great Depression, 227

as local color, 183, 217, 223

in Louisiana Purchase, 12

marriage customs of, 46–48, 51, 53

racism against, 94, 114, 131, 138–39, 154–55, 163, 186, 189, 197, 214–15

rivalries and warfare among, 23–26, 31, 43–45, 62–65, 96–97

romanticizing and fetishizing of, 190–91, 205, 216, 235

self-determination goal of, 231

sign language of, 204

starvation of, 113, 177, 178, 180, 185

whites compared to, 18

see also specific tribes

“Indians, The” (Child), 138–39

Indian Territory, in allotment, 172,
172, 175
, 179, 201

Indian Wars, 2, 110, 138, 162

see also specific battles and incidents

influenza, 4

Interior Department, U.S.:

in allotments, 179–80, 189

in compensation claim for Marias Massacre, 148–49, 151

in transfer initiative, 134–37, 140

intermarriage:

laws against, 263

among Spanish and French, 255

white-black, 81

intermarriage, white-Indian, vii, 2, 3,
52
, 108

abandonment of wives in, 80, 85

as common in West, 5, 9, 48, 49–50, 81

condemnation of, 9, 48, 49, 81–85

fur trade and, 48–50

love matches in, 50

misperceptions about, 82–83

political, social, and economic benefits of, 49–50, 51

shifting social perceptions of, 83–84

social hierarchy in, 50

International Exhibit of Fine and Applied Arts by Deaf Artists, 220

Irish, 34, 267

Itomot’ahpi Pikun’i (Big Bend; Killed Off the Piegans), 127

Ives, George, 159

Jackson, Andrew, 42, 45, 56–57, 66, 69, 137, 259

Jackson, Rachel, 66, 259

Jackson, Thomas “Stonewall,” 54–55

Jefferson, Thomas:

expansionist goal of, 11–14

grid system proposal of, 19

in Louisiana Purchase, 11–12, 15, 19

racism toward African Americans by, 49

support of white-Indian intermarriage by, vii, 48

Jefferson River, 30

Jesuits, 78, 92, 143

John L. Clarke Western Art Gallery and Memorial Museum, 239–40,
240

Johns, William “Billy,”
150
, 151

John Two Guns White Calf (Two Guns), 222–24,
224

Joseph, Chief, 162

journals:

of Kurz, 90

of Lewis and Clark, 14

Kah-ta-Nah, 77

Kainahs (Bloods; many chiefs), 14

Kansas City, Mo., 153

keelboats, 38–39, 77

Kent (dog), 202

Kentucky, 19

Kills-on-the-Edge (Mary Monroe), 148

Kipp, Darrell Robes, 178, 284

Kipp, James, 37–39

racially mixed marriage of, 50, 80, 117,
145
, 256

Kipp, Joe, 116–17, 119, 123, 127, 165

decline and death of, 147–48

eulogy for, 163

Marias Massacre testimony of, 147–49

mistaken identity of, 125–26, 143–44,
145
, 146

Kipp, Richard “Dick,” 147–49

ksisskstaki
(beaver), 26

Kurz, Rudolph Friederich, 51, 90

Kutenais, 26, 89

Lambert, Kirby, 236

Lame Bull’s Treaty, 89, 95

land-grant college act, 166

land grants:

for M. Clarke, 96

for military, 71, 260

in Ohio Valley, 19

Lane, Franklin K., 149

Lane, Harry, 148

Lange, Dorothea, 227

Langford, Nathaniel, 103

Laocoön Group
, 218

Last Chance Gulch, 92

lauan (Philippine mahogany), 227–28, 231

Laussat, Pierre Clément de, 10–12

Leaves of Grass
(Whitman), 83

Lee, James, 77–78

Lee, Robert E., 93, 132

Leonid meteor shower, 40–41

Lewis, Fort, 78

Lewis, Henry,
61

Lewis, Meriwether, 13–19, 21, 92, 243

in violent encounter with Piegans, 15–18, 30

Lewis and Clark expedition,
see
Corps of Discovery expedition

Liberator
, 137

Liguest, Pierre Laclède, 13

Lincoln, Abraham, 41, 113, 155, 274

lipreading, 203–4

Lisa, Manuel, 30–33

Little Beard, 27

Little Beaver,
see
Culbertson, Alexander

Little Bighorn, Battle of, 162

Little Dog (Imata-Koan; J. D. Rockefeller, Jr.), 216–17

Little Dog (murdered Piegan headman), 96–97

Little Dog (Piegan chief), 186–87

Little Six, 63–65

Logan, John, 136

Lone Star Republic, 70

Long Beard, 27

Longstreet, James, 54

Louisiana Purchase, 10–13, 16, 19

lynchings,
87
, 88, 159

lynching tree,
87

Makes Cold Weather, 235

malaria, 171

Mandans, 14, 80, 144

manualism, oralism vs., 203–4

Manuel, Fort (Fort Raymond), 30, 31

Many Glacier, J. L. Clarke’s studio at, 212

Marias Massacre (Baker Massacre), 2, 5,
108
, 109–10,
112
, 125–27,
130
, 138, 142,
142
, 145–46, 148, 271–72

accolades for, 130–31

aftermath of, 128–30

bicentennial ceremony of, 249

commemoration at site of, 152,
152

controversy of, 130–33, 136–37

heirs’ compensation claim in, 147–51

humanitarian Indian reform spurred by, 137–41

Joe Kipp’s guilt and blame for, 143–45

lack of recognition of,
144

tally debate in, 127–28, 147–50

as tragic mistake, 125–27, 143–45, 148, 150, 161

Marias River, 16, 25, 37, 39, 74, 78, 117, 121, 123

Marigny, Bernard de, 10

Marland, E. W., 171

Maximilian of Wied, Prince, 40, 41, 43–45,
44
, 47, 74

McAlpin Hotel, 187

McCarthy, Cormac, 4

McFatridge, Arthur, 147–48

McFee, Malcolm, 241–43

McKay, Walton, 128

McKenzie, Fort, AFC post at, 8, 10, 39, 41, 50, 51, 73–78,
74
, 255

McKenzie, Kenneth, 34–60, 253, 256

ambition and determination of, 37, 39

as bourgeois of Fort Union, 36–37,
38
, 72

as “King of the Missouri,” 36,
39

racially mixed marriage of, 50, 89

savvy and charisma of, 34, 36

McKenzie, Owen, 71–73, 89–91

McKinley, William, 179

Meade, George, 116

Meagher, Thomas F., 92, 96, 157, 267–68, 279

Medicine Line, 109, 126

Medicine Lodge Creek, 113

medicine women, 47

Merrilies, Meg (character), 157–58

Métis, as distinct racial group, 3, 84, 265

Mexican-American War, 83, 258

Mexico:

muralists of, 228

and Texas Revolution, 68–71

Michigan, 19

Midvale, Mont., Horace Clarke’s home at, 5, 146, 183–85,
184
, 193, 200, 205, 207

see also
East Glacier Park, Mont.

military, U.S.:

atrocities against Indians by, 2

in transfer initiative, 134–37, 140

see also
Army, U.S.

Milk River, 91