The Red and the White: A Family Saga of the American West (57 page)

accolades for, 131

as Army commanding general, 113, 115

condemnation of, 137, 139–40

in March to the Sea, 114

in Marias Massacre debate, 133

Sherry, Louis, 158

Shoshones, 14, 23–26, 243

Side Hill Calf, 17

Sieben Ranch, 98, 267

sign language:

of deaf, 203–4, 214, 218, 219

Indian, 16–17, 204, 211, 212, 227

Siksikau (“black foot”; “black feet”), 28

three groups of, 14

Silent Call, The
(Royle), 153–55, 158

Sioux, 62, 63, 122, 141, 171, 217

Sioux Indian Museum, 231

Siquieros, David Alfaro, 228

slavery, 40, 49, 76, 155

activists against, 137–41, 275

slave uprisings, 11

smallpox, 2, 43, 126, 128–29, 132, 199, 254

Smith, Joseph, 40

Snelling, Fort, 60–63,
61, 64
, 67, 258

Snelling, Josiah, 60, 63–65

solar eclipse, 41

Sophie of Württemberg, Queen of the Netherlands, 158

South Platte River, gold rush at, 86

Spain, imperialistic goal of, 14, 85

Spear, Anson Rudolph, 201–4

Spear, Julia, 202

Spear Woman, 129

Split Upper Lip, 63–64

Spokane Art Association, 218

Spopee (Turtle), 279, 289

spotted fever, 58

spyglass, 99

squaw man, 81–82

Squaw Man, The
(Royle), 153

Squires, Lewis, 72–73

Standing Bear, 171–72

Stanford University, 241

starvation, 113, 177, 178, 180, 185

steamboats, 20, 41–42, 43, 65, 83, 90–91, 115, 142

stereotypes, 82–83, 190–91, 205

Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 168

Stuart, Awbonnie, 237

Stuart, Granville “Mr. Montana,” 236–37, 238, 266

Stuart, Sam, 237

Stuart, Tom, 237

Sully, Alfred H., 97, 107–9,
108
, 117, 269

diplomatic mission of, 107–9, 117, 121, 125,
145

embitterment, decline and death of, 140

in Marias Massacre debate, 131–33

Sherman’s conflict with, 111, 114, 140

Sumner, Charles, 166, 281–82

Sumter, Fort, 67

Sun Dance, 47

Sun River (Natoe-osucti), 121

superstitions:

bias as, 155

Indian, 45, 174

surround, in bison hunt, 22

Swan, James, 161

Swiftcurrent valley, 181, 212

Takes-Gun First, 193

Taos Society of Artists, 191

Taylor, Nathaniel, 135

Teapot Dome scandal, 151

Tecumseh, 20

temperance movement, 42

Tennessee, 68, 69

Termination Era (1945–1960), 225–26, 231, 242

Terry, Daniel, 157

Terry, Ellen, 156

Teton Range, 15, 107

Teton River, 122–23

Texas, independence of, 68–71

Thames, Battle of, 20

Thanksgiving song, 138

Thick Nail, 179–80

Thompson, David, 28, 250

Thorn, Jonathan, 32–33

Three Bear, 187

Time
, 222

Tinker, Arthur, 173–74

Tonkawas, 172–73

Tonquin
, 32–33

Torlino, Tom, “civilizing” of, 168, 282

Tosawi, 113, 114

tourism:

at Glacier National Park, 182–83, 187–88

Helen Clarke’s plan to capitalize on, 189–90

promotion of, 187, 190

transfer initiative, 134–37, 140

transportation revolution, 20–21, 41, 65

travel:

hardships and hazards of, 38–39, 59, 115–16

improvements in, 20–21, 41, 65, 115

of wealthy, 217

Treasury Section of Fine Arts (TSFA), 228, 291

tricolore
, lowering of, 11, 12

Trumbull, John, 58

Turvey, Joyce Clarke, xx, 222, 235, 239,
240
, 278

adoption of, 6, 198, 218

childhood of, 219–20,
219, 221

photography studies of, 225

Two Medicine River, violent encounter at, 15–18, 28, 30

Two Suns, 50

Under Bull, 9, 45–46, 49, 51, 255

Union, Fort, 38, 39, 41, 50, 72, 73, 74, 75, 77, 80, 89, 262

building of, 34–37, 253

smallpox outbreak at, 43

trading at,
35

Union Pacific Railroad, 116

Union Square Theatre, 156

United States government:

bureaucracy of, 189–90

duplicity toward Indians by, 89, 133, 134, 171–72, 178, 180–81, 210

Indian policies of, 96–97, 109, 134–38, 166–81, 225, 227, 231

see also
Congress, U.S.; House of Representatives, U.S.; Senate, U.S;
specific departments

United States Military Academy (USMA; West Point), 54–55, 67, 68, 118,
119

M. Clarke’s education at, 66–67, 69, 73, 75, 104

M. Clarke’s expulsion from, 5, 9, 28, 56, 57, 67–68, 67, 69, 70, 71, 73

Upham, William, 147–48

Upson, Gad, 94

Van Cleve, Charlotte Ouisconsin, 60–61, 63–65,
64
, 68, 80, 103, 105, 142, 200, 269

Helen Clarke and, 157

personal reminiscences of, 65, 66, 70

Van Cleve, Horatio, 68

Vancouver Island, 33

Vanderbilt, Mrs. George W., 183

vigilantes, 88, 159, 266

violence:

escalation of, 134–37, 162–63

among Indians, 23–26, 31, 43–45, 62–65, 96–97

between Indians and whites, 20, 32, 33, 39, 48, 76–77, 91–92, 94–95, 97, 107, 109, 133, 135, 162

by U.S. army, 109–10, 134;
see also specific units

see also specific incidents

Viviparous Quadrupeds of North America, The
(J. J. Audubon), 71

vocational instruction, 203–4, 209

Voisin, Adrien Alexandre, 291

Voorhees, Daniel, 136, 274

Wallack’s Theatre, 156

Walsh, Thomas J., 151

War Department, U.S., 73, 114, 142, 148

in transfer initiative, 132–37, 140

War of 1812, 20, 33–34, 58, 67

Washburn, Cadwallader, 220

Washburn-Langford expedition, 127

Washita River, Battle of, 115–16, 121, 133

Wayne, “Mad Anthony,” 59

Weatherwax, Marvin, 227

Weatherwax, Willie, 226–27

Weiser, Peter, 30

Welch, James, 1–2, 269

West Point, N.Y., 54, 65

military academy at,
see
United States Military Academy

Wheeler, Mary C., 211–12

Wheeler-Howard Act (1934), 227

Whig party, 42

Whistler, John, 59

white Americans:

first incursions of, 26–28, 229, 232

Indians compared with, 18

Indian themes celebrated by, 225

influx into West by, 1–2, 18–19, 32, 42, 59, 62, 83–84, 86, 88, 94,
95
, 121, 162–63, 171, 177

misperceptions about Indians by, 47, 154, 163, 186, 189, 190–91

racism of, 93–94, 114, 131, 138–39, 154–55, 163, 186, 189, 197

renaming of landscape features by, 193–94

in Texas, 68–69

see also napikwans

White Buffalo, 44–45

White Calf, 223

White Calf, James, 223

Whitefish, Mont., 213, 288

White Lodge Pole, 51

White Quiver, The
(H. F. Sanders), 191

Whitman, Walt, 82–83, 264

Wilhelm I, Kaiser, 158

Wilson, Woodrow, 279

Winnebago, Fort, 65, 68

Winnebagos, 65

Winter Garden Theatre, 157

Wisconsin, 19, 65, 212

Wissler, Clark, 233, 241

women:

bias against, 174, 180

in Indian culture, 24–25, 45–48, 64, 233, 255

suffrage movement of, 138, 164, 190

as teachers, 159, 174

white, marriage preference for, 83

Wood, Maria, 16

woodcarving, 195–97, 204, 206, 209, 211, 226

see also specific works

Works Progress Administration, 231

World War I, 4, 190, 211, 215

Wounded Knee, 2, 110

Wyoming, 35

Yale College, 58, 166

yellow fever, 11

Yellow Stone
, 41–42

Yellowstone National Park, 103, 127, 182

Yellowstone River and Valley, 16, 29, 30, 35

Yosemite National Park, 233

About the Author

Andrew R. Graybill was born and raised in San Antonio, Texas, and educated at Yale (B.A.), Trinity (M.A.T.), and Princeton (M.A., Ph.D.) universities. From 2003 to 2011 he taught in the history department at the University of Nebraska, before moving to Southern Methodist University in Dallas, Texas, where he is associate professor of history and director of the William P. Clements Center for Southwest Studies. He is the author of
Policing the Great Plains: Rangers, Mounties, and the North American Frontier,
1875–1910 (2007), and co-editor (with Benjamin H. Johnson) of
Bridging National Borders in North America: Transnational and Comparative Histories
(2010). His current book project is a history of the Taos Revolt of 1847. He lives with his wife and two children in Old East Dallas.

Copyright

Copyright © 2013 by Andrew R. Graybil

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Graybill, Andrew R., 1971–

The red and the white : a family saga of the American West / Andrew R. Graybill. —

First Edition.

pages cm

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-0-87140-445-9 (hardcover)

ISBN 978-0-87140-732-0 (e-book)

1. Marias Massacre, Mont., 1870. 2. Interracial marriage—West (U.S.)—History—19th century. 3. Whites—West (U.S.)—Relations with Indians. 4. Clarke, Malcolm, 1817–1869. 5. Clarke, Malcolm, 1817–1869—Family. 6. Clark family. 7. Piegan Indians. I. Title.

E83.866.G73 2013

978'.02—dc23

2013011167

Liveright Publishing Corporation, 500 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10110

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W. W. Norton & Company Ltd., Castle House, 75/76 Wells Street, London WIT 3QT

A
LSO BY
A
NDREW
R. G
RAYBILL

Policing the Great Plains: Rangers, Mounties,
and the North American Frontier, 1875–1910

Bridging National Borders in North America:
Transnational and Comparative Histories

(co-editor, with Benjamin H. Johnson)