The Rise and Fall of a Palestinian Dynasty (65 page)

Endnotes

PREFACE

1
.     R. Springborg, ‘Patterns of Association in the Egyptian Political Elite’ in George Lenszowski (ed.),
Political Elites in the Middle East
, Washington 1975, p. 93.

2
.     B. Doumani (ed.),
Family History in the Middle East: Household, Property, and Gender
, New York 2003.

3
.     One such work is D. Ze’evi’s
An Ottoman Century: The District of Jerusalem in the 1600s
, Albany 1996.

INTRODUCTION

1
.     A. Raymond,
Cairo
, Cambridge 2000; K. Cuno,
The Pasha’s Peasants: Land, Society and Economy in Lower Egypt, 1740–1858
, Cambridge 1992; A. Marcus,
The Middle East on the Eve of Modernity: Aleppo in the Eighteenth Century
, New York 1989; J. Reily,
A Small Town in Syria: Ottoman Hama in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries
, Oxford and New York 2002; L. Fawaz,
Merchants and Migrants in Nineteenth Century Beirut
, Cambridge 1983; M. Reimer,
Colonial Bridgehead: Government and Society in Alexandria, 1807–1882
, Cairo 1997; D. Khoury,
State and Provincial Society in the Ottoman Empire: Mosul, 1540–1834
, Cambridge and New York 1999.

2
.     E. Toldenao, ‘The Emergence of Ottoman-Local Elites (1700–1900): A Framework for Research’ in M. Maoz and I. Pappé (eds),
Middle Eastern Politics and Ideas: A History from Within
, London and New York, 1997, pp. 146–7.

3
.     Ibid., p. 150.

4
.     Ibid.

5
.     I. M. Lapidus,
A History of Islamic Societies
, Cambridge 1988, pp. 640–1.

6
.     A. Hourani, ‘Ottoman Reform and the Politics of Notables’ in A. Hourani (ed.),
The Modern Middle East
, London and New York, p. 87.

7
.     Ibid.

8
.     Ibid.

9
.     G. Baer, ‘Jerusalem’s Families of Notables and the Waqf in the Early 19th Century’, in D. Kushner (ed.), P
alestine in the Late Ottoman Period
, Jerusalem 1986, p. 110.

10
.   S. Pamuk, ‘Money in the Ottoman Empire’ in H. Inalcik (ed.),
An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, 1300–1914
, Cambridge 1994, pp. 966–7.

11
.   O. Peri, ‘Waqf and Ottoman Welfare Policy: The Poor Kitchen of Khasseki Sultan in Eighteen Century Jerusalem’,
Hamizrach Hehadash
, vol. 34, issues 133–6, pp. 64–76. Quote from page 68, note 17.

12
.   Ibid., p. 111.

13
.   Baer,
Jerusalem
, p. 111.

14
.   Quoted in Peri, ‘Waqf’, note 23, Sijjil Jerusalem 279, pp. 36–7.

15
.   Albert Hourani,
A History of the Arab Peoples
, London 1991, pp. 252–5.

16
.   Peri
, Jerusalem
, p. 72.

17
.   Ibid., pp. 75–6.

18
.   Baer,
Waqf
, p. 114.

19
.   Ibid., p. 118.

20
.   Hourani,
A History of the Arab Peoples
, pp. 252–5.

21
.   A. Scholch,
Palestine in Transformation, 1856–1882: Studies in Social, Economic and Political Development
, Washington 1993, p. 119.

22
.   By 1920, they owned 50,000
dunams
; see J. Kano,
The Problem of Land between Jews and Arabs, 1917–1990
, Tel Aviv 1992, p. 137.

23
.   Lapidus,
A History
, p. 641.

24
.   Hourani, ‘Ottoman Reform’, pp. 83–111.

25
.   Lapidus,
A History
, p. 641.

26
.   Hourani, ‘Ottoman Reform’, pp. 83–111.

PROLOGUE

1
.     On the period in general and the background for the revolt see M. al-Muhibi,
A Summary of the Notables’ Lives in the 11th Hijjra Century
, vol. 2, Cairo 1868 (Arabic); Arif al-Arif,
The History of Jerusalem
, Cairo 1950 (Arabic); A. Cohen,
Palestine in the 18th Century: Patterns and Administration
, Jerusalem 1973, pp. 170–5. See also extensive parts of Y. Ben-Zvi’s
The Settlement of Eretz Israel
, Jerusalem 1976 (Hebrew). My descriptions of the city and some of the personalities of the period that appear in the prologue and chapters dealing with the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries are based on several travelogues, most notable of which are C. R. Conder,
Palestine
, 1891; J. Finn,
Stirring Times or Records from Jerusalem Consular Chronicles
, London 1878; A. P. Stanley,
Sinai and Palestine
, London 1887; W. P. Lynch,
A Journey to the Dead Sea and the Jordan River
, New York 1984; M. A. Rogers,
Daily Life in Palestine
, London 1984; Y. Schwartz,
The Harvest of the Land
, London 1845 (Hebrew); A. Yelin,
The Memoirs of a Jerusalemite
, Jerusalem 1924 (Hebrew); and A. Yaari,
Travels in Palestine
, Ramat Gan 1976 (Hebrew). Other collections were helpful: M. Ish-Shalom,
Christian Pilgrimage in the 19th Century
, Tel Aviv 1965 (Hebrew); Y. Ben-Areyh,
Palestine in the 19th Century and Its Rediscovery
, Jerusalem 1970; Z. Vilnai,
Investigative Tourists in Palestine
, Tel Aviv 1984 (Hebrew); Y. Shavit (ed.),
The Wonders of the Holy Land
, Jerusalem 1981 (Hebrew); and N. Shore,
The Book of Palestine’s Travelogues in the 19th Century
, Jerusalem 1988 (Hebrew).

2
.     The description of the
naqib
revolt is based on A. Manna, ‘The Naqib al-Ashraf’s Revolt in Jerusalem (1703–1705)’,
Cathedra
64 (April 1992) (Hebrew), and M. Rosen, ‘The Naqib al-Ashraf’s Revolt in Jerusalem, 1702–1706’,
Cathedra
22 (January 1982) (Hebrew). Manna’s article is important in particular as it is based on the
sijjilat
, the Shari‘a court protocol during those years. On p. 73, Manna mentions a possible marriage connection between the al-Ghudayya and al-Wafa’i families. In a lecture he gave in the Truman Institute in Jerusalem on 4 February 1999, he reported further advances in his research and a deeper conviction about the connection between the two families. Another important source that quotes extensively from the
sijjilat
is Arif al-Arif,
The Concise History of Jerusalem
, Jerusalem 1961, pp. 355–7 (Arabic).

3
.     Al-Asali’s
Jerusalem in the Arab and Muslim Travelogues
(Amman 1992) (Arabic) is an anthology of manuscripts of Muslim travelers frequenting the city in various centuries. The anthology includes manuscripts that appear on microfilms in Syrian and Jordanian universities.

4
.     Ibid., pp. 110–5.

5
.     M. K. al-Muradi,
A Guide to the Notables of the 12th Hijjra Century
, Istanbul 1882, vol. 3, p. 89 (Arabic).

6
.     Al-Nabulsi, p. 245.

7
.     The above description is a fusion of information derived from al-Nabulsi’s previous visit, ibid., p. 255; Mustafa Ibn Kamil al-Bakhri’s manuscript as it appears in al-Asali,
Jerusalem
, p. 111; excerpts from description of Muhammad ibn Abd al-Rahim’s visit, ‘The Sunna’s Tales of Jerusalem’s Origins’ (Abd al-Rahim was
Sheikh al-Islam
, responsible for the appointment of the Hanafi
Muftis
); and from Mustafa Asad al-Qaymi al-Damaiti’s book
Thoughts of People I Met on My Trips to the Valley of Jerusalem
(Arabic) (al-Damaiti was an Egyptian visitor to Jerusalem in 1724). These two last sources are quoted in al-Arif,
Concise History
.

8
.     G. Winegart, ‘The Religious Muslim Life in 18th Century Jerusalem’,
Cathedra
49 (September 1988), p. 79 (Hebrew).

9
.     Al-Asali,
Jerusalem
, p. 264, and A. Hourani,
A History of the Arab Peoples
, New York 1993, p. 247.

10
.   The above description is a fusion of a second travelogue composed by al-Nabulsi – A. al-Kurdi (ed.),
Ismail al-Nabulsi: Fiction and Reality in a Trip to the al-Sham Countries and Hejaz
, Cairo 1986, pp. 110–38 (Arabic) – with a description of al-Bakhri’s travels in al-Muradi’s book
A Guide
, vol. 4, pp. 124–6. I also referred here to the entry ‘Al-Bakhri’ in the Palestinian Encyclopedia,
Al-Mawsuat al-Filastiniyya
, vol. 4, Damascus 1982, p. 227 (Arabic).

11
.   M. al-Hanabli,
The Magnificent Man
, Cairo, no date (Arabic).

12
.   Al-Muradi,
A Guide
, vol. 4, pp. 124–6.

13
.   B. Abu-Manneh, ‘The Husaynis: The Rise of a Notable Family in 18th Century Palestine’ in D. Kushner (ed.), Palestine in the Late Ottoman Period, Jerusalem 1986, pp. 93–108, and I. M. al-Husseini, The al-Husseini Family, Jerusalem 1988, pp. 1–2 (Arabic). Both sources connect the 1703 revolt with the family.

14
.   The Shari‘a court, Jerusalem,
Sijjil
, vol. 272, p. 147. The Zionist Central Archives, the Mufti Files, Biography.

15
.   In his book
Historiography and Nationalism
(Jerusalem 1995), which is based on Jewish sources, Yacov Barani mentions a totally different hierarchy of the notable families. On the importance of the three posts held by the family see Y. Porath, ‘Al-Hajj Amin al-Husseini, The Jerusalem Mufti – His Rise and the Consolidation of his Position’ in G. Baer (ed.),
The Ulama and the Religious Problems in the Muslim World
, Jerusalem 1979, p. 223 (Hebrew).

CHAPTER ONE

1
.     This description and most of the chapter was inspired by the very important and comprehensive research of Butrus Abu-Manneh (Abu-Manneh,
The Husaynis
, pp. 93–106) and on the basis of his ‘A New Light on the Husaynis’ Ascendance in the Eighteenth Century’ in A. Cohen (ed.),
Chapters in the History of Jerusalem in the Early Ottoman Period
, Jerusalem 1979 (Hebrew). This last article and conversations with its author triggered my original interest in the subject.

2
.     The details on the eunuchs are taken from M. Penzer,
The Harem
, London 1967. The description of the Topkapi Palace is based on a visit to the place and on a tourist booklet published by the Turkish Ministry of Tourism. See
The Topkapi Palace
, Net Turistik Yayinlar, Istanbul 1987.