The Shadow King (41 page)

6. Letter from Soheir Ahmed to Ronald Harrison, dated December 5, 1974, held in the archive of the University of Liverpool, UK.

7. Harrison, R. G., et al., “A Mummified Foetus from the Tomb of Tutankhamun,” Antiquity 53, 1979, 19–21.

8. Letter from Ronald Harrison to Ali Abdalla, dated May 1, 1972, held in the archive of the University of Liverpool, UK.

9. Harris, J. E., and K. R. Weeks, X-raying the Pharaohs.

10. Harris, J. E., and E. F. Wente, eds. An X-ray Atlas of the Royal Mummies. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980.

11. Connolly, R. C., et al., “An Analysis of the Interrelationships Between Pharaohs of the 18th Dynasty,” Masca Journal 1(6), 1980, 178–181.

12. Germer, R., “Die Angelbliche Mumie de Teje: Probleme Interdisziplinaren Arbeten,” Altaegyptischen Kulture 11, 1984, 85–90.

13. Letter from Ronald Harrison to Soheir Ahmed, dated March 19, 1982, held in the archive of the University of Liverpool, UK.

14. Steve Martin first performed his homage to King Tut on Saturday Night Live, April 22, 1978. It was subsequently released as a single, reaching no. 17 in the U.S. charts.

15. Chase, M., “Museum Show Inspires Tutmania,” The New York Times. March 8, 1978.

16. Hoving, T., Making the Mummies Dance: Inside the Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1993, 402.

17. Kron, J., “Egyptian Fever: A Rise of the Nile Style,” The New York Times. June 23, 1977.

18. Chase, M., “Museum Show Inspires Tutmania.”

19. McAlister, M., Epic Encounters: Culture, Media, and U.S. Interests in the Middle East Since 1945. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005, 126.

20. Chase, M., “Museum Show Inspires Tutmania.”

21. Thompson, J., A History of Egypt: From Earliest Times to the Present. London: Haus, 2009.

Other sources include:

For more on the identities of the royal mummies, see: Bickerstaffe, D., Refugees for Eternity: The Royal Mummies of Thebes. Book Four: Identifying the Royal Mummies. Chippenham, UK: Canopus Press, 2009.

Chapter 10: Living Image of the Lord

1. “Tells of Opening Pharaoh’s Tomb,” The New York Times. October 13, 1923.

2. Bucaille, M., The Bible, the Qur’an and Science: The Holy Scriptures Examined in the Light of Modern Knowledge. New York: Tahrike Tarsile Qur’an, 2003 (first published in 1976).

3. Selin, H., ed., Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1997.

4. Bucaille, M., Mummies of the Pharaohs: Modern Medical Investigations. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1990.

5. Ibid., 43.

6. Ibid., 49.

7. Ibid., 26–27.

8. Freud, S., Moses and Monotheism. New York: Vintage, 1996 (first published in 1939).

9. Osman, A., Moses and Akhenaten: The Secret History of Egypt at the Time of the Exodus. Rochester, VT: Bear, 2002 (first published in 1990).

10. Osman, A., Jesus in the House of the Pharaohs: The Essene Revelations on the Historical Jesus. Rochester, VT: Bear, 2004 (first published in 1992).

11. Redford, D., “The Monotheism of the Heretic Pharaoh: Precursor of Mosaic Monotheism or Egyptian Anomaly?” Biblical Archaeology Review 13(3), 1987, http://members.bib-arch.org/publication.asp?PubID=BSBA&Volume=13&Issue=3&ArticleID=1.

12. Nkrumah, G., “Ahmed Osman: Akhenaten as Moses, and Jesus, Tutankhamun. A Case of Double Identities,” Al Ahram, January 2004, 8–14.

13. Gadalla, M., Tutankhamun: The Living Image of the Lord. Greensboro, NC: Tehuti Research Foundation, 1997.

14. “A Special Letter to Prof. Zahi Hawass: Is Tutankh-amun the Biblical Jesus?!” Editorial in The Ambassadors online magazine, January 2008, http://ambassadors.net/archives/issue23/editorial.htm.

15. Woodward, S., et al., “DNA Sequence from Cretaceous Period Bone Fragments,” Science 266, 1994, 1229–1232.

16. Griggs, C. W., et al., “Evidences of a Christian Population in the Egyptian Fayum and Genetic and Textile Studies of the Akhmim Noble Mummies,” BYU Studies 33(2), 1993, 215–243.

17. Greenfield, J., “Secrets of the Ancient World Revealed Through DNA,” Ostracon 12(1), 2001, 21–23.

18. Lobdell, W., “Bedrock of a Faith Is Jolted,” The Los Angeles Times. February 16, 2006.

19. El-Jesri, M., “Drop the Mummy, and Nobody Gets Hurt: Recent Controversy over Moving King Tut Puts Egyptologists in the Spotlight,” Egypt Today. January 2005.

20. http://www.smgf.org/faqs.js.

21. Greenfield, J., “Secrets of the Ancient World Revealed Through DNA.”

22. “Researchers to Test DNA of King Tut,” The Japan Times. November 8, 2000.

23. “Delay in DNA Probe of Egypt’s Legendary Pharaoh Tutankhamun,” Al Bawaba News. December 11, 2000.

24. “DNA Tests Halted on King Tut’s Mummy,” ABC News. December 13, 2000.

25. Hirano, S., “Team Told Not to Probe Tutankhamen’s DNA,” Yomiuri Shimbun/Daily Yomiuri. February 21, 2001.

26. El-Aref, N., “Mummy Scan Furore,” Al Ahram Weekly. January 20–26, 2005.

27. Rose, M., “Who’s in Tomb 55?” Archaeology. March/April 2002.

28. McAlister, M., Epic Encounters: Culture, Media, and U.S. Interests in the Middle East Since 1945. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005.

29. For example, see “Blood Types and Ancient Egypt: Debunking Neo-Nazi Appropriation of Ancient Egyptian Heritage” (http://www.africanamericanculturalcenterpalmcoast.org/historyafrican/bloodtype.htm) and “The BEST Evidence of White Egypt: Death Blow to Afrocentricism” (http://www.egyptsearch.com/forums/ultimatebb.cgi?ubb=print_topic;f=15;t=002315).

30. “Outraged Black Activists Protest That King Tut Has Been Whitewashed,” American Renaissance. June 16, 2005.

31. For example, see “Obama Akhenaton” (www.youtube.com/watch?v=vHrHBJD8PKo) and “Is Obama the Clone of Akhenaten?” (www.youtube.com/watch?v=5fhTkpv9OYo).

32. Freeman, “Barackhenaten and Renaissance Tiye,” in Freeman’s Blog: Explore the Sorcery of Your Government (http://thefreemanperspective.blogspot.co.uk/2009/02/barackhnaten-and-renaissance-tiye.html).

Chapter 11: Evil Pyramids and Murderous Mold

1. Däniken, E. V., Chariots of the Gods? New York: Souvenir Press, 1969 (reprinted by Berkley in 1980).

2. Vandenberg, P., The Curse of the Pharaohs. London: J. B. Lippincott, 1975 (reprinted by Hodder and Stoughton in 1976).

3. See http://us.macmillan.com/author/philippvandenberg.

4. Gruber, E., Salama, E., and W. Ruhm, “Real-time Measurement of Individual Occupational Radon Exposures in Tombs of the Valley of the Kings, Egypt,” Radiation Protection Dosimetry 144, 2011, 620–626.

5. Dean, G., “The Curse of the Pharaohs,” World Medicine, June 1975, 17–21. Also discussed in correspondence between Ronald Harrison and Soheir Ahmed, held in the archive of the University of Liverpool, UK.

6. Dean, G., “The Curse of the Pharaohs.”

7. Di Paolo, N., et al., “Acute Renal Failure from Inhalation of Mycotoxins,” Nephron 64(4), 1993, 621–625.

8. Bucaille, M., Mummies of the Pharaohs: Modern Medical Investigations. New York: St Martin’s Press, 1990.

9. Russell, K., et al., “Gardening Can Seriously Damage Your Health,” The Lancet 371(9629), 2008, 2056.

10. Janinska, B., “Historic Buildings and Mould Fungi: Not Only Vaults Are Menacing with ‘Tutankhamen’s Curse,’” Foundations of Civil and Environmental Engineering 2, 2002, 43–54.

11. Cox, A. M., “The Death of Lord Carnarvon,” The Lancet 361(9373), 2003, 1994; El-Tawil, S., and T. El-Tawil, “Lord Carnarvon’s Death: The Curse of Aspergillosis?” The Lancet 362(9386), 2003, 836.

12. Carter, H., The Tomb of Tut.Ankh.Amen Volume 2. London: Cassell, 1927.

13. “Curse of Pharaoh Denied by Winlock,” The New York Times. January 26, 1934.

14. Nelson, M. R., “The Mummy’s Curse: Historical Cohort Study,” British Medical Journal 325(7378), 2002, 1482–1484.

15. Brier, B., The Murder of Tutankhamen: A True Story. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1998 (reprinted by Berkley in 2005).

16. Ibid., 2.

17. Introduction to The Murder of Tutankhamen: A True Story. New York: Berkley, 2005, xv.

18. Ibid., xix.

19. The Assassination of King Tut, 120 min., first aired on the Discovery Channel on October 6, 2002.

20. Boyer, R. S., et al., “The Skull and Cervical Spine Radiographs of Tutankhamen: A Critical Appraisal,” American Journal of Neuroradiology 24, 2003, 1142–1147.

Chapter 12: Sliced, Diced, Brought Back to Life

1. Hawass, Z., “Facing Tutankhamun,” Sharm Time 3–4, July 2008, 4–6.

2. El-Aref, N., “Mummy Scan Furore,” Al Ahram Weekly. January 20–26, 2005.

3. Hawass, Z., “Facing Tutankhamun.”

4. Boehm, M., “Eternal Egypt Is His Business,” Los Angeles Times. June 20, 2005.

5. El-Aref, N., “Mummy Scan Furore.”

6. Hawass, Z., “Facing Tutankhamun.”

7. Quilici, B., King Tut’s Final Secrets, 95 min., first aired on National Geographic Channel on May 31, 2005.

8. Ibid.

9. Marchant, J., “Virtual Fossils Reveal How Ancient Creatures Lived,” New Scientist. May 27, 2009.

10. Marchant, J., Decoding the Heavens: A 2000-Year-Old Computer—and the Century-Long Search to Discover Its Secrets. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press, 2009.

11. “Tutankhamun CT Scan,” press release issued by Egypt’s Supreme Council for Antiquities (SCA), March 8, 2005. See also Hawass, Z., et al., “Computed Tomographic Evaluation of Pharaoh Tutankhamun, ca. 1300 BC,” Annales du Service des Antiquités de l’Égypte 81, 2007 (published in 2009), 159–174.

12. “Tutankhamun CT Scan.”

13. “Tutankhamun Facial Reconstruction,” press release issued by Egypt’s SCA, May 10, 2005.

14. “Egyptian First Lady Inaugurates the Tutankhamun Exhibition in Basel,” Kuwait News Agency. April 6, 2004.

15. “Pharaonic Exhibit to Have Political, Cultural, Civilization Influence,” ArabicNews.com, April 11, 2004, http://www.arabicnews.com/ansub/Daily/Day/041104/2004110427.html.

16. Knight, C., “RN Was the Man Behind ‘The Treasures of Tutankhamen’ in 1976,” The New Nixon blog, The Richard Nixon Foundation, August 28, 2005, http://blog.nixonfoundation.org/2005/08/rn-was-the-man-behind-the-treasures-of-tutankhamen-in-1976/.

17. Puente, M., “King Tut Reigns Again,” USA Today. June 6, 2005.

18. Waxman, S., “King Tut Treasures Will Return to U.S., but Won’t Stop at the Met,” The New York Times. December 1, 2004.

19. “King Tut, Part 2,” The New York Times. December 7, 2004.

20. “Tut’s Tissue Box,” Artnet.com blog, July 20, 2005, http://www.artnet.com/magazineus/news/artnetnews/artnetnews07-20-05.asp.

21. Wendrich, W., “Tutankhamun and the Golden Age of the Pharaohs,” Near Eastern Archaeology 67(4), 2004, 226–228.

22. Ibid.

23. Alexander, K., “As Tut Time Approaches, His Hosts Are Working to Crank Up the Buzz,” The New York Times. March 30, 2005.

24. Waxman, S., “The Show-Biz Pharaoh of Egypt’s Antiquities,” The New York Times. June 13, 2005.

25. Boehm, M., “Eternal Egypt Is His Business.”

26. Girling, R., “King Tut Tut Tut,” The Sunday Times. May 22, 2005.

27. Waxman, S., “The Show-Biz Pharaoh of Egypt’s Antiquities.”

28. Ibid.

29. Quilici, B., Nefertiti and the Lost Dynasty, 50 min., first aired on the National Geographic Channel on July 16, 2007.

30. James, S., “Who is the Mummy Elder Lady?” Kmt 12(2), 2001, 42.

31. Nefertiti Revealed, 120 min., first aired on the Discovery Channel on September 7, 2003; Fletcher, J., The Search for Nefertiti: The True Story of an Amazing Discovery. New York: HarperCollins, 2004.

32. For example, see El-Aref, N., “Zahi Hawass: A Hat Is a Hat,” Al Ahram Weekly. August 25–31, 2005; Girling, R., “King Tut Tut Tut.”

1. El-Aref, N., “Identity Crisis,” Al Ahram Weekly. December 14–20, 2000.

2. In 2007, Brier and Corthals’s work on the modern mummy featured in a big-budget 3D IMAX film called Mummies: Secrets of the Pharaohs, narrated by Christopher Lee.

3. Quilici, B., Secrets of Egypt’s Lost Queen, 100 min., first aired on the Discovery Channel on July 15, 2007.

4. Thimes, J. L., “New Doubts,” Kmt 19(3), 2008, 7.

5. Graefe, E. “Der angebliche Zahn der angeblich krebskranken Diabetikerin Königin Hatschepsut, oder: Die Mumie der Hatschepsut bleibt unbekannt,” Göttinger Miszellen, 2011, 231, s. 41–43.

6. “Manchester Expert Helps with Pharaoh DNA Analysis,” press release issued by Manchester University on July 16, 2007.

7. Dickinson, B., “Tooth IDs Famed Egyptian Queen,” Discover, January 2008.

8. Brown, C., “The King Herself,” National Geographic, April 2009. This article notes that the identity of the mummy isn’t proven.

9. Doughton, S., “King Tut Treasures to Visit Seattle in 2012,” The Seattle Times. April 13, 2010.

10. Marchant, J., “Searching for the Venice of the Nile,” New Scientist 24, March 2012, 12. Graham, A. et. al., “Reconstructing Landscapes and Waterscapes in Thebes, Egypt,” Journal for Ancient Studies special volume 3, 2012, 135–142.

11. For video and photos, see Stanek, S., “Tut Move Designed to Save Mummy,” National Geographic News. November 4, 2007: http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/11/071104-tut-mummy.html.

Chapter 14: Fingerprints, Forensics, and a Family Tree

1. Quilici, B., King Tut Unwrapped, 174 min., first aired on the Discovery Channel on February 21, 2010.

2. Hawass, Z., et al., “Ancestry and Pathology in King Tutankhamun’s Family,” JAMA 303(7), 2010, 638–647.

3. Than, K., “King Tut Mysteries Solved: Was Disabled, Malarial and Inbred,” National Geographic Daily News. February 16, 2010.

4. Aldred, C., and A. T. Sandison, “The Pharaoh Akhenaten: A Problem in Egyptology and Pathology,” Bulletin of the History of Medicine 36, 1962, 293–316.

5. Dodson, A., Amarna Sunset: Nefertiti, Tutankhamun, Ay, Horemheb, and the Egyptian Counter-Reformation. Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press, 2009.

6. Weller, M., “Tutankhamun: An Adrenal Tumour?” The Lancet 300, 1972, 1312; Walshe, J. M., “Tutankhamun: Klinefelter’s or Wilson’s?” The Lancet 301, 1973, 109–110; Taitz, L. S., “Tutankhamun’s Breasts,” The Lancet 301, 1973, 149; Swales, J. D., “Tutankhamun’s Breasts,” The Lancet 301, 1973, 201.