The Shadow King (42 page)

7. Harrison, R. G., “Tutankhamun Postmortem,” The Lancet 301, 1973, 259.

8. Paulshock, B., “Tutankhamun and His Brothers: Familial Gynecomastia in the Eighteenth Dynasty,” JAMA 244, 1980, 160–164.

9. Brier, B., The Murder of Tutankhamen: A True Story. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1998 (reprinted by Berkley in 2005).

10. Braverman, I. M., D. B. Redford, and P. A. Mackowiak, “Akhenaten and the Strange Physiques of Egypt’s 18th Dynasty,” Annals of Internal Medicine 150, 2009, 556–560.

11. Hawass, Z., “King Tut’s Family Secrets,” National Geographic, September 2010.

12. Genzlinger, N., “CSI: Egypt, Complete with DNA Tests of Mummies,” The New York Times. February 19, 2010.

13. Than, K., “King Tut Mysteries Solved.”

14. Bates, C., “Unmasked: The Real Faces of the Crippled King Tutankhamun (Who Walked with a Cane) and His Incestuous Parents,” Daily Mail Online. February 20, 2010, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-1251731/King-Tutankhamuns-incestuous-family-revealed.html.

15. Koerth-Baker, M., “Mummy DNA: History or Hype?” Boing Boing, February 2, 2011, http://boingboing.net/2011/02/02/mummy-dna-history-or.html.

16. JAMA 303(24), 2010: “King Tutankhamun’s Family and Demise,” Baker, B. J., 2471–2472; Timmann, C., and C. G. Meyer, 2473; Braverman, I. M., and P. A. Mackowiak, 2472–2473; Gamble, J. G., 2472; Lorenzen, E. D., and E. Willerslev, 2471; author reply: Gad, Y. Z., A. Selim, and C. M. Pusch, 2473–2475.

17. “The Discovery of the Family Secrets of King Tutankhamun,” press release issued by Egypt’s Supreme Council of Antiquities, February 2010.

18. Quilici, B., Nefertiti and the Lost Dynasty, 50 min., first aired on the National Geographic Channel on July 16, 2007.

19. Eaton-Krauss, M., “Mummies (and Daddies),” Göttinger Miszellen: Beiträge zur ägyptologischen Diskussion 230, 2011, 29–36.

Chapter 15: DNA Down the Rabbit Hole

1. Lorenzen, E. D., and E. Willerslev, “King Tutankhamun’s Family and Demise,” JAMA 303(24), 2010, 2471.

2. Higuchi, R. G., et al., “DNA Sequences from the Quagga, an Extinct Member of the Horse Family,” Nature 312, 1984, 282–284.

3. Pääbo, S., “Molecular Cloning of Ancient Egyptian Mummy DNA,” Nature 314(6012), 1985, 644–645.

4. Woodward, S., et al., “DNA Sequence from Cretaceous Period Bone Fragments,” Science 266, 1994, 1229–1232.

5. Hedges, S. B., and M. H. Schweitzer, “Detecting Dinosaur DNA,” Science 268, 1995, 1191–1192.

6. Gitschier, J., “Imagine: An Interview with Svante Pääbo,” PLoS Genetics 4(3), 2008, e1000035.

7. van der Kuyl, A. C., et al., “DNA from Ancient Monkey Bones,” Ancient DNA Newsletter 2, 1994, 19–21.

8. Cooper, A., and H. N. Poinar, “Ancient DNA: Do It Right or Not at All,” Science 289(5482), 2000, 1139.

9. Gilbert, M. T., et al., “Long-term Survival of Ancient DNA in Egypt: Response to Zink and Nerlich (2003),” American Journal of Physical Anthropology 128(1), 2005, 110–114; discussion 115–118.

10. Marota, I., et al., “DNA Decay Rate in Papyri and Human Remains from Egyptian Archaeological Sites,” American Journal of Physical Anthropology 117(4), 2002, 310–318.

11. Marota, I., et al., “DNA Decay Rate.”

12. Krings, M., et al., “MtDNA Analysis of Nile River Valley Populations: A Genetic Corridor or a Barrier to Migration?” The American Journal of Human Genetics 64(4), 1999, 1166–1176.

13. For example, see: Zink, A., et al., “Molecular Evidence of Bacteremia by Gastrointestinal Pathogenic Bacteria in an Infant Mummy from Ancient Egypt,” Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 124, 2000, 1614–1618; Zink, A., et al., “Molecular Analysis of Ancient Microbial Infections,” FEMS Microbiology Letters 213, 2002, 141–147; Zink, A. R., et al., “Characterization of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Complex DNAs from Egyptian Mummies by Spoligotyping,” Journal of Clinical Microbiology 41(1), 2003, 359–367; Zink, A. R., and A. G. Nerlich, “Molecular Strain Identification of the Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Complex in Archival Tissue Samples,” Journal of Clinical Pathology 57(11), 2004, 1185–1192; Zink, A. R., W. Grab-ner, and A. G. Nerlich, “Molecular Identification of Human Tuberculosis in Recent and Historic Bone Tissue Samples: The Role of Molecular Techniques for the Study of Historic Tuberculosis,” American Journal of Physical Anthropology 126(1), 2005, 32–47; Zink, A., et al., “Leishmaniasis in Ancient Egypt and Upper Nubia,” Emerging Infectious Diseases 12(10), 2006, 1616–1617; Nerlich, A. G., et al., “Plasmodium Falciparum in Ancient Egypt,” Emerging Infectious Diseases 14(8), 2008, 1317–1319.

14. Donoghue, H. D., et al., “Tuberculosis in Dr Granville’s Mummy: A Molecular Reexamination of the Earliest Known Egyptian Mummy to Be Scientifically Examined and Given a Medical Diagnosis,” Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 277(1678), 2010, 51–56.

15. Geddes, L., “Fallible DNA Evidence Can Mean Prison or Freedom,” New Scientist. August 11, 2010.

16. Hekkala, E., et al., “An Ancient Icon Reveals New Mysteries: Mummy DNA Resurrects a Cryptic Species Within the Nile Crocodile,” Molecular Ecology, 2011.

17. Spigelman, M., et al., “Preliminary Genetic and Radiological Studies of Ibis Mummification in Egypt,” Mummies and Science. World Mummies Research, 2008, 545–551.

18. Rasmussen, M., et al., “Ancient Human Genome Sequence of an Extinct Palaeo-Eskimo,” Nature 463(7282), 2010, 757–762.

19. Green, R. E., et al., “A Draft Sequence of the Neandertal Genome,” Science 328(5979), 2010, 710–722.

20. Reich, D., et al., “Genetic History of an Archaic Hominin Group from Denisova Cave in Siberia,” Nature 468(7327), 2010, 1053–1060. A new technique that amplifies single strands of DNA recently allowed researchers from Pääbo’s team to sequence this genome much more accurately: Meyer, M., et al., “A High-Coverage Genome Sequence from an Archaic Denisovan Individual,” Science, 2012, doi: 10.1126/science.1224344.

21. Keller, A., et al., “New Insights into the Tyrolean Iceman’s Origin and Phenotype as Inferred by Whole-Genome Sequencing,” Nature Communications 3, 2012, 698.

Chapter 16: Spare Ribs and Hand Kebabs

1. Johnson, W. R., “Tutankhamen-Period Battle Narratives at Luxor,” Kmt 20(4), Winter 2009–10, 20–33.

2. Johnson, W. R., “Warrior Tut,” in Archaeology 63(2), March/April 2010, http://www.archaeology.org/1003/etc/tut.html.

3. Johnson, W. R., “Tutankhamen-Period Battle Narratives.”

4. Johnson, W. R., “Warrior Tut.”

5. Hawass, Z., et al., “Ancestry and Pathology in King Tutankhamun’s Family,” JAMA 303(7), 2010, 638–647.

6. Harer, W. B., “An Explanation of King Tutankhamen’s Death,” Bulletin of the Egyptian Museum in Cairo 3, 2006, 83–88.

7. Harer, W. B., “New Evidence for King Tutankhamen’s Death: His Bizarre Embalming,” Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 97, 2011, 228–233.

8. Connolly, R. C., “The X-ray Plates of Tutankhamen: A Reassessment of Their Meaning and Significance,” in Pharmacy and Medicine in Ancient Egypt. Proceedings of the Conference held in Cairo (2007) and Manchester (2008), ed. J. A. Cockitt and A. R. David. BAR International Series, 2010, 2141. See: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog/10156455.

9. Harer, W. B., “Was Tutankhamun Killed by a Hippo?” Ancient Egypt 72(6), 2012, 50–54.

1. Hawass, Z., “The State of Egyptian Antiquities,” Zahi Hawass blog, February 2, 2011, http://www.drhawass.com.

2. The Andrew Marr Show, BBC, January 30, 2011.

3. El-Aref, N., “Uneasy Lies the Head That Bears the Crown,” Al Ahram Weekly. June 23–29, 2011.

4. www.drhawass.com/blog/message-all-my-friends.

5. El-Aref, N., “No Treasure in Archaeologists’ Vaults,” Al Ahram Weekly. October 6–12, 2011.

6. Lawler, A., “The Fall of Zahi Hawass,” Smithsonian.com, July 18, 2011, http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/The-Fall-of-Zahi-Hawass.html.

7. Eaton-Krauss, M., “Mummies (and Daddies),” Göttinger Miszellen: Beiträge zur ägyptologischen Diskussion 230, 2011, 29–36.

8. Rowland, M., “The Political Significance of Egyptian Antiquities Before and During Revolution,” master of philosophy dissertation, Jesus College, University of Cambridge, UK, 2011.

9. See Rowland, 2011 (above), as well as, e.g., Stack, L., “Complaints of Abuse in Army Custody,” The New York Times, March 17, 2011; McGreal, C., “Egypt’s Army ‘Involved in Detentions and Torture,’” The Guardian, February 9, 2011; Sobhy, A., a personal account of torture inside the Egyptian Museum, posted March 14, 2011, at https://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=10150208831989046 (in Arabic; English translation published in Rowland, 2011).

10. The book, Tutankhamun: The Legend, the Mystery, and the Great Discovery, is due to be published in May 2013.

11. Suskind, R., “Faith, Certainty and the Presidency of George W. Bush,” The New York Times magazine, October 17, 2004.

1. Harrison, R. G., “The Tutankhamun PostMortem,” in Chronicle: Essays from Ten Years of Television Archaeology, ed. R. Sutcliffe. London: BBC, 1978, 41–52.

2. Hawass, Z., and S. N. Saleem, “Mummified Daughters of King Tutankhamun: Archeologic and CT Studies,” American Journal of Roentgenology 197(5), 2011, W829–836.

3. Hanawalt, R. A., Did Tut Lie in State? The Amarna Research Foundation, 1998.

4. Carter, H., The Tomb of Tut.Ankh.Amen Volume 2. London: Cassell, 1927 (reprinted by Cambridge University Press in 2010).

5. Hawkes, J., “The God in the Machine,” Antiquity 41(163), 1967, 174–180.

Afterword: A Brief Window

1. See, e.g., El-Aref, N., “Heritage at What Cost?” Al Ahram Weekly. January 12–18, 2012; El-Aref, N., “Revised Strategy to Protect Egypt’s Heritage: Returning Minister,” Al Ahram. August 3, 2012.

2. Burman, A., “Golden Mummies: What Happened to the Indiana Jones of Egypt?” Huffington Post, July 16, 2012, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/07/16/golden-mummies-what-happe_n_1677919.html.

3. Ashrafian, H., “Familial Epilepsy in the Pharaohs of Ancient Egypt’s Eighteenth Dynasty,” Epilepsy and Behavior 25(1), 2012, 23–31.

4. “Tutankhamun’s Death ‘Could Be Linked to His Man-Boobs,’” The Sun. September 13, 2012.

5. Hamzelou, J., “Tutankhamun’s Death and the Birth of Monotheism,” New Scientist. September 5, 2012.

6. Schlögl, H. A., Nofretete. Munich: Verlag C. H. Beck, 2012.

7. Carter, H., The Tomb of Tut.Ankh.Amen Volume 3. London: Cassell, 1933.

INDEX

Abd el-Rassul family, 5, 9–12, 18–19, 24

Abdalla, Ali, 93–95

ABO blood group system, 90, 120–121, 120(fn). See also Blood groups

Abu Simbel, 112

Aflatoxin, 142–143

African heritage, Tutankhamun’s, 136

Afterlife: mummification process, 81

Agglutination technique, 103

Ahmed, Samir, 119

Ahmed, Soheir, 108, 118–121, 135

Ahmose I, 13, 20, 115, 127, 135

Ahmose-Nefertari, 13, 17, 30–31, 135, 175–176, 176(fn)

Akhenaten

Amenhotep III, Yuya, and Tjuiu blood group data, 109

biblical connections, 127, 130

building construction, 214

DNA analysis of Tutankhamun and others, 188

identifying the KV55 mummy, 85, 192–193

medical condition, 189–190

Meritaten, 92

Obama and, 137

reburial of, 29

revolt, 27–29

skull dimensions, 72

Akhmim mummies, 132

Alcott, Louisa May, 53

Aldred, Cyril, 190

Aliens, 140

Amarna cache, 29

Carter and Carnarvon’s search near, 31, 35

destruction of the mummy, 63

excavation of, 25–29

identity of the mummy, 85

skull dimensions, 72

Smith’s analysis of, 65

See also KV55

Amduat, Book of, 56–57

Amenhotep I, 13, 20, 93, 135

Amenhotep II, 22, 117–118

Amenhotep III

architecture and engineering at Karnak, 180–181

Ay and, 146

cephalometric studies, 115

DNA research on Tutankhamun and family, 185, 187–188

Egypt’s strength under, 27

identification of, 117, 244

splendor of the temple, 11, 11(fn)

Tiye and, 25

X-ray data, 120

Amenhotep IV. See Akhenaten

Amulets, 68–69

Amun, 180

Amun-Ra, 27

Animal attack causing death, 220–222

Ankhesenamun, 72, 77, 146–147, 236–237

Anschutz Entertainment Group (AEG), 162

Antiquities. See Artifacts

Antiquities trade, 8–10, 98

Antley-Bixler syndrome, 190, 193

Anubis, 37, 50, 62, 75–76

Applied Biosystems, 173–174

Archived information, 33–34

Artifacts

Abd el-Rassul find, 12–13

annex, 77–79

appearance on the international market, 9

autopsy of Tutankhamun, 66–68, 71–72

ceramics, 35

DNA lab and the Hatshepsut project, 172–173

embalming materials, 36

modern traveling exhibition, 163

mummy of Tutankhamun, 66–67

removal during World War II, 85–86

Seti’s tomb, 8

theft of, 102(fn)

trumpets, 85–86

Tutankhamun’s tomb, 39–40, 42, 49

See also Looting

Arts and Exhibitions International (AEI), 162

Artwork, 28, 34

Ashrafian, Hutan, 243

Aspergillus fungus, 142–143

The Assassination of King Tut (film), 148–149

Aswan High Dam, 112

Aten (sun disc), 27, 214

Atomic Energy Authority (UK), 102

Auroch, 220

Autopsy, 57(fn), 63–74, 140(fn)

Ay, 56, 146–147, 214, 236, 244

Baboon, 114

Bacteria, ancient DNA from, 202

Badeir, Saleh, 151–153

Baker, Brenda, 192

Barnes, Ian, 198, 202–203, 210

Bat guano, 141–143

el-Batrawi, Ahmed, 109, 118–119

Battle scenes, 213–215, 221

BBC, 94, 94(fn), 104, 224

Begin, Menachem, 122(fn)

Belzoni, Giovanni, 7–8

Bethell, Richard, 144

Bib, beaded, 97, 159, 219

Biban el-Moluk (Valley of the Kings). See Valley of the Kings

The Bible, The Qur’an and Science (Bucaille), 127