The Shadow King (43 page)

Biblical connections, 13–14, 125–128, 130–131, 133–134, 136

Bitumen, 83

Black Saturday, 87

Blood groups

Amenhotep III, Yuya, and Tjuiu, 109

determination process, 93

Elder Lady, 120–121

fetus, 119–120, 120(fn)

genetic significance of, 120(fn)

identifying the Elder Lady, 121(fn)

reviving Tutankhamun’s blood, 104, 104(fn)

Tutankhamun skin sample, 103

Welsh mummy identification, 90

Boat, 22–23

Body, 69–70

Bone samples, DNA research and, 174–175

Booby-traps, 139–141

Book of the Dead, 69, 69(fn), 71

Boraik, Mansour, 180, 182

Boyer, Richard, 148–149, 217(fn)

Brain, removal of, 82, 103(fn), 105, 217(fn)

Braverman, Irwin, 193

Breasts, 3, 190, 193

Brier, Bob, 84, 145, 147, 149, 174, 190

British Museum, 54, 108–109

Brugsch, Émile, 5, 10–15, 17, 19–20

Bucaille, Maurice, 127–128, 130

Buckley, Stephen, 84

Budd, Eric, 98(fn)

Budge, Ernest, 52

Burton, Harry

autopsy, 64

photos of Tutankhamun, 97–98

reburial of Tutankhamun, 74

removal and transport of the treasures, 54–55

Bush, George W., 230

Callender, Arthur, 38, 54–55

Camp David Accords, 122(fn)

Cannibalism, 83

Canopic jars, 26, 81

Carnarvon, Almina, Lady, 54, 59

Carnarvon, George Herbert, Earl of attempts to X-ray Tutankhamun, 92(fn)

Carter’s discovery, 38–39

curse myth, 142–143

death of, 51–54, 71(fn), 143

Deir el-Bahri excavation, 30–32

fate of Tutankhamun, 46–47

grand opening of the tomb, 47–50

the search for Tutankhamun’s tomb, 35–36, 39–43

Carter, Howard

Amarna cache, 29

archived information, 33–34

artwork, 34

autopsy, 63–64, 67, 69, 72–74

beaded bib, 219

burial chamber excavation, 55–62

childlessness of Tutankhamun, 77

curse myth, 52–54

damage to Tutankhamun’s mummy, 128

Deir el-Bahri excavation, 30–32

Derry and, 66

failure to reconstruct Tutankhamun, 96

fascination with Anubis, 76

grand opening of the tomb, 47–50

KV5, 112

litigation over tomb contents’ access, 59–60

looting of KV35, 23–24

mystery of Tutankhamun, 238

personal possessions of Tutankhamun, 78–79

reburial of Tutankhamun, 74

removal of Tutankhamun, 44–45

retirement and death, 79

strength of character, 80

the search for Tutankhamun, 34–43, 39(fn)

X-ray data, 92, 92(fn)

Carter, Jimmy, 122(fn)

Cartouches, 22

Cave disease, 141–142

Centre for GeoGenetics, Denmark, 195, 197

Cephalometrics, 114

Chariot, 213–214, 220

Chariots of the Gods (von Däniken), 140

Chickens, mummification of, 84

Christianity, roots of, 131

Christie, Agatha, 11(fn)

Chronicle (documentary), 94

Chukshi Eskimo group, 210

Circumcision, 115

Clayton, Peter, 102(fn)

Cleft palate, 158

Clegg, LeGrand, 136

Cloning DNA, 199–200

Clubfoot, 189, 193–194, 233–234

Coffins, 60–62, 61(fn), 73–74, 81, 85–86, 163

Colossi of Memno, 11

Computed tomography (CT scan)

DNA analysis of Tutankhamun and others, 185, 188–189, 194

Egyptian Mummy Project, 153–155

Elder Lady and Younger Lady, 165–166

fetuses, 235(fn)

Hatshepsut project, 177–179, 178(fn)

KV55 mummy, 192

reconstructing Tutankhamun’s face, 161

reinterpreting Tutankhamun, 215–220

Rühli’s opinion on, 157, 159–160

technique, 155–156

Congenital aneurysm, 106, 108

Connolly, Robert

Amenhotep III, Yuya, and Tjuiu blood group data, 109

anomalies in Tutankhamun’s mummy, 217(fn), 219

blood group determination, 93, 103–104

cause of death, 220–221

controversy over blood group results, 136

Tutankhamen murder theory, 145, 148–149

X-ray analysis, 104–107, 234

X-rays of the fetus, 119–120

Corelli, Marie, 51–52

Corthals, Angelique, 173–176, 178–179, 183–184

Cosmos, 61, 61(fn)

Craniofacial structure, 116

Crick, Francis, 198

Crocodile, death by, 220

Crocodile mummies, 209

Cromer, Evelyn Baring, Earl of, 21, 24, 37, 48

Crown, 71

CT scan. See Computed tomography

Culture, 28

Curse myth

blemish on Tutankhamun’s face, 71(fn)

booby traps, 139–141

Carnarvon’s death, 51–54

CT scan of Tutankhamun, 154–155

deaths from fungus, 142–143

debunking though science, 144–145

Derry’s interviews, 87

fueling Tutmania in America, 123

Harrison’s research team, 103

origins of, 52–54

Reid’s death, 93

The Curse of The Pharaohs (Vandenberg), 140

Dahamunzu, 146–147

Davis, Theodore M., 24–26, 29

Dean, Geoffrey, 140–142

Death

chronology studies of pharaohs reigns, 114–117

during childbirth, 115, 115(fn)

of Hatshepsut, 178

Death (Tutankhamun)

autopsy failing to reveal, 72

battle injury, 222

chest injury, 216–220

controversy over, 243–244

fractured femur, 159–161

malaria and a weak constitution, 191, 193, 197

murder theory, 107–108, 145–149, 236–237

public speculation by the media, 73

sickle cell disease, 193(fn)

wild animal attack, 220–221

X-ray data of the skull, 105–106, 105–106, 148–149, 158–159

Deir el-Bahri cache, 12–15, 17–19, 30–32, 37, 170–179. See also Valley of the Kings

Derry, Douglas

autopsy, 63–65, 67, 69–72

background of, 65–66

conclusions about the mummy, 233

curse myth, 140(fn)

damage to Tutankhamun’s mummy, 128

examining the mummy’s teeth, 102–103

exile in Essex, 87

KV55 mummy, 85, 85(fn)

mummification of women, 82–83

mummification process, 80, 84

sarcophagus, 57(fn)

Tutankhamen murder theory, 149

Tutankhamun’s fractured femur, 159

Weeks and, 112

World War II, 86–87

Derry, John, 87

Derry, Ramsay, 84(fn)

The Devourer, 69

di Paolo, Nicola, 142–143

Dinosaur DNA, 132, 200

Discover magazine, 179

Discovery Channel, 2, 148, 153, 172–177, 185–186, 192, 207

Disease

Akhenaten, 189–191

Derry’s finds, 233

DNA from disease-causing bacteria, 202

DNA research on Tutankhamun and others, 188–189

epilepsy, 243–244

fetuses lack of, 235(fn)

spread of, 173

Tutankhamun’s diseases and weaknesses, 189–192, 235

Djoser, 81

DNA research, 4, 137

animal mummies, 208–209

controversy over, 2–3

criticism of Zink, Pusch, and Gad’s research, 197–198, 204–208

disease-causing bacteria, 202

Egyptian Museum lab, 170

Hatshepsut project, 171–179

history of, 198–200

Iskander and Yoshimura’s research, 135–136

limits to interpretation of, 235–236

next-generation sequencing, 209–211

problems with ancient DNA analysis, 198–205

publication of, 2

questioning the reliability of genetic data, 193

Tutankhamun and family, 183–188, 197, 205–208, 226–227

Woodward’s research, 132, 134–135

Dobbin, Roy, 84

Dodson, Aidan, 98–99, 115(fn), 166, 190(fn)

Donoghue, Helen, 202–203

Doyle, Arthur Conan, 52

Durrheim, David, 221

Dynastic spans, 8(fn)

Eaton-Krauss, Marianne, 194

Edwards, Amelia, 7

Egarter-Vigl, Eduard, 157, 160(fn)

Egypt, modern, 4

economic downturn and austerity, 119

exhibition of Tutankhamun, 161–164

Hawass engaging Egyptians in archaeological heritage, 153

losing interest in Egyptology, 181

political changes, 241–243

political turmoil with Israel, 94–95

Sadat assassination, 123–124

Tahrir Square protests, 183, 223–225

uprising, 85(fn)

World War II, 85–87

Egypt Exploration Fund, 7(fn)

Egyptian Mummies (Taylor), 61(fn)

Egyptian Mummy Project, 153–154

Egyptian Museum (Cairo), 4, 20(fn), 166–167, 169–170, 179, 224–225, 241

Egyptian-Israeli Peace Treaty, 122(fn)

Eighteenth Dynasty, 8, 8(fn), 13, 22, 27, 35, 77, 81–82, 163, 170, 185

Elder Lady

appearance of, 117–118, 117(fn), 166–167

as Nefertiti, 165

blood group determination, 120–121, 121(fn)

DNA research on Tutankhamun and family, 135, 184–185, 188

Electrophoresis, 186(fn)

Elliot School of International Affairs, 123

Elliot Smith, Grafton

Akhenaten, 29, 189–190

Derry and, 65

Elder Lady and Younger Lady, 117–118, 117(fn)

eugenics, 91(fn)

KV55 find, 26, 85, 85(fn)

mummies from Amenhotep II’s tomb, 117–118

mummification process, 82–84

X-ray data, 92

El-Qurn, 11

Embalmers. See Mummification process

Embalming materials, 36

Engelbach, Rex, 85

Epilepsy, 243

Epitrochlear foramina, 103

Eskimo research, 209–211

Eugenics, 91, 91(fn)

Exodus, Book of, 126–128, 130

Face

mummification process, 81

Tutankhamun’s, 71, 136, 160–161, 164

Fag el-Gamous cemetery, 132

Faience, 49, 49(fn), 147

Fairman, H. W., 91–92, 98

Farouk, 86–87, 92

Femur, fracture in, 159, 160(fn), 161, 216

Fetuses

disappearance of, 108–109

discovery of, 77

DNA research on Tutankhamun and family, 135, 185, 187–188, 204

Hawass’s opinion on identity of, 229

identity of, 4

lack of deformity, 235(fn)

X-rays of, 118–120

Filer, Joyce, 192–193

Fire-lighter, 78, 78(fn)

Fishing, 194

Fleming, Elizabeth, 34, 36–37, 39

Fletcher, Joann, 165, 165(fn), 166

Flooding, 29

Foodstuffs, 191

Foramen magnum, 217–219

Fracture of Tutankhamun’s leg, 159, 160(fn), 161

France: looting of Valley tombs, 9

Frayling, Christopher, 47

Freud, Sigmund, 130

Fröhlich syndrome, 189–190

Funeral procession, 55–56

Fungus, 129, 141–143

Gaballah, Fawzi, 135

Gad, Yehia, 177

building the DNA lab, 173

controversy over DNA results, 206

Corthals’ consultation with, 174

DNA project, 171

DNA research on Tutankhamun and others, 184

lack of DNA data, 176

precautions during sampling, 203–204

refusal to publish DNA data, 178–179

sampling the KV60 mummies, 175

successful results, 187

Tahrir Square protests, 183, 223–224

Gadalla, Moustafa, 131(fn)

Galton, Francis, 91(fn)

Gamma ray sterilization, 129

Garstin, William, 22, 48

Gebel Adda, Citadel of, 112–113

Geddes, Linda, 205

Genealogy, 133

Genesis, Book of, 130

Genetic fingerprinting, 171, 185–188, 204–205

Genetic studies, 113. See also DNA research

Gerigar, Reis Ahmed, 37

Gilbert, Tom, 198, 201–202, 208–209, 211

Global warming, 197(fn)

Gostner, Paul, 157, 159, 160(fn), 178(fn), 194, 217(fn), 233–234

Graefe, Erhard, 178

Granville’s mummy, 202

Great Pyramids, 24, 46, 62, 66, 140, 152, 242

Grey, Todd, 148–149

Griffith Institute, 33–34, 36–37, 39

Griggs, Wilfred, 132–134

Haggard, Henry Rider, 46, 52

Hair samples, 121

Hall, H.R., 52

Hall, Leslie, 91(fn)

Hamdi, Saleh Bey, 64, 70, 72

Hanawalt, Robert, 236

Hanging, 65

Harer, Benson, 215–218, 217(fn), 218–221

Harris, James

genetic studies on royal mummies, 114–117

genetic work on teeth, 113–114

identifying the fetus, 120

identity of Amenhotep III mummy, 244(fn)

KV60 mummy, 175(fn)

search for Nefertiti, 165

Tutankhamen murder theory, 149

Harris, John, 98

Harrison, June, 94

Harrison, Ronald, 90–91

background, 91–92

blood group testing, 103–104

cause of Tutankhamun’s death, 107–108

craftsmanship of Tutankhamun’s coffin, 96(fn)

digitization of data, 219

eugenics, 91(fn)

identifying KV55 mummies, 92

identifying the fetus, 120

Tutankhamun’s diseases and weaknesses, 190

Tutankhamun’s fractured femur, 159

Tutankhamun’s missing penis, 99

unpublished book, 108

X-rays of the fetus, 119–120

X-rays of Tutankhamun, 93–95, 101–102, 234

Harvey, Sarah Jane, 89–91

Hatshepsut, 17

Deir el-Bahri excavation, 30

discovery of, 23

DNA research, 171–179

Hawass’s hunt for, 170

history of, 170–171

identification of Tjuiu, 118

Hatshepsut, Temple of, 11

Hawass, Zahi

background, 152–153

criticism of, 164

CT scan of Tutankhamun, 153–155, 157–158

disentombing Tutankhamun, 151–152

DNA research on Tutankhamun and family, 170, 179, 184, 186–187, 191–192

halting DNA testing, 135

Hatshepsut project, 172–173, 175

passion for ancient Egypt, 229–230

publication of DNA data, 2

recreating Tutankhamun’s face, 161

reinterpreting CT data, 215–216