The Silk Road: A New History (60 page)

and Buddhist stupas, 30,
31
, 33–35,
53

coffins, 38–39, 41,
41

and coins, 123,
color plate 4A

funerary garments,
2
, 3

joint burials at Niya,
color plate 7

Khotanese, 201–2,
204

of Kroraina Kingdom, 38–42,
41

and
mazar
shrines,
color plate 16A

Sogdian, 98–99, 143–46,
145, 147
, 239–40

and the Tang dynasty, 157

tomb figurines,
140

and Turfan, 92–94, 98–99

Burma, 156

Burrow, Thomas, 43, 44

Burzil Pass, 27

Byzantine Empire, 20, 97–98, 123

camels

and archeological expeditions, 9, 11, 27, 33, 38, 64, 94, 168, 196, 212

and caravans, 3, 36, 79, 103

and diplomatic envoys, 16–17, 50, 191, 192, 222

market for, 106, 148, 225

and migrant populations, 48

and religious artwork, 124, 128, 144, 145,
147

and sale documents, 209

and tourism, 203

and travel passes, 104

and Xuanzang’s travels, 113

Cao family at Dunhuang,
190
, 191–92, 222, 227

Cao Lushan (Rokhshan),
2
, 102–3, 148–49

Cao Yijin, 190, 222

Cao Yuanzhong, 186, 190

Capastaka, 225

capillary routes, 32

caravans

and Bento de Goes, 231–32

and camels, 3, 36, 79, 103

and Kucha trade, 77–82,
78

and local economies, 196–97

and Sogdiana, 122, 239

and Turfan, 88, 103–4, 232

and the Western Market, 148

carbon 14 testing, 204

cataloging systems, 180,
180

cattle

and Kucha, 76

and legal disputes, 3

and the Loulan garrison, 42

and migrant populations, 48

and Sogdian traders, 103

and tax documents, 216

and travel passes, 77–78,
78

and the Turfan market, 106

and Xuanzang’s travels, 114

Caucasoid groups, 13, 38

Chach, 127

Chaghanian Kingdom, 127

Chaghatai Khanate, 229, 231

Chang’an

and the An Lushan rebellion, 157–59, 185

and anti-foreign sentiment, 159–60

and foreign merchants, 148–49, 157–58

and Han dynasty, 17, 34, 65, 141, 143, 147

and Hejiacun Village Hoard, 152–57,
153–54, 155

and the Huang Chao rebellion, 165–66

and Kumarajiva’s travels, 68–70

and modern Xi’an,
142

and religious communities, 149–51

and sea travel, 160–65,
162–63

and Silk Road art, 239

and Sogdians, 103, 143–47,
145, 147
, 149–50, 157–59

and Tang dynasty, 148–49, 191

tombs found at, 22

and Xuanzang’s travels, 85, 141, 144, 151

See also
Xi’an

Chat, 135

Chinese Communist Party, 93, 233

Chinese language

Dandan Uiliq documents, 215

Duldur Aqur documents, 81–82

and Dunhuang cave documents, 180–81, 182, 185, 188, 195

and early European geographers, 7

epitaphs, 143, 240

Faxian’s writings, 55

and Khotanese government, 211, 214, 222, 227

and Kumarajiva, 56, 69–70

legal contracts, 81, 95

Mount Mugh documents, 137

and Qu dynasty, 91

Chinggis Khan, 229

Chinwad Bridge, 146

Christianity

and Chang’an, 149–50,
150
, 159–60

and cultural exchange, 4

and Dunhuang cave documents, 167, 181, 183, 195, 241

and Huang Chao rebellion, 165

and Küchlük, 229

and the Tang dynasty,
150

and Turfan, 108–10

Church of the East (Christian)

and Dunhuang cave documents, 167, 181, 183, 195

and Küchlük, 229

and migrant populations, 4, 149–50

and the Tang dynasty, 150,
150

and Turfan, 109–10

clay figurines, 207,
208

climate

and Chang’an, 151

and Dunhuang cave documents, 175

and human remains, 13, 38, 39

Khotan, 199

Niya and Loulan sites, 38

of Samarkand, 116

Taklamakan desert, 10, 242

and Turfan,
11
, 21, 92–93

and Xuanzang’s travels, 114

Coan silk, 19

coffins, 38–39, 41,
41

coins

Arabo-Sasanian, 96

Byzantine coins, 9, 20, 97, 156

of Chang’an, 159, 165

of Dandan Uiliq, 215

and the Dunhuang cave documents, 195, 215

gold, 9, 20, 48–49, 90, 93–98, 123, 153, 156,
156, color plate 4A

Greek types found in Gandhara region, 48–49

of Hejiacun Village Hoard, 152,
153–54
, 156–57

hybrid coins, 202

of Khotan, 202, 209

of Kroraina Kingdom, 35–36, 42–43, 48–50

of Kucha, 76, 79, 81–82

and legal disputes, 3–4

and local barter trade, 4

of Panjikent, 122–23

and payments to soldiers, 8–9

and port trade, 165

of Rome, 9, 20, 97

of Samarkand, 119, 132

of the Sasanian Empire, 3, 20, 75–76, 90, 93, 95, 97–102, 156,
color plate 4B

silver, 3, 20, 49, 75–76, 90, 93, 97–102, 156,
color plate 4B

Sino-Kharoshthi coins, 202

of Tang dynasty, 151–52, 159–60, 184–86, 193

and Tibetan rule, 185–86

and trade with Rome, 9, 20,
color plate 4A

of Turfan, 93–99,
100–102
, 103, 104, 106–7, 111

of Xuanquan, 15

colophons, 71

commodities, 99–102,
100–102
, 119, 239

Communist Party (China), 93, 233

The Compendium of the Teachings of Mani the Buddha of Light.
183

Confessions
(Augustine), 182

Confucianism, 144, 152, 182–83

Constantine, 97,
color plate 4A

contracts

Astana graveyard documents, 94

and the Dunhuang economy, 192–94

and Karakhanid state, 228

and Khotanese documents, 209

marriage contracts, 133–34

and moneylenders, 96

and Niya documents, 45–47

and slavery, 3

and the Tang dynasty, 103–4, 192–93

and Tibetan rule, 185, 216–17

and wooden documents, 214–15

See also
loan documents

coral, 194

corpses.
See
burial practices;

human remains Cos (Greek island), 19

cosmopolitanism, 30, 83,
128
, 167, 181–82.
See also
Chang’an

cotton textiles, 38,
39
, 138, 195

court records,
2
, 3

craftsmen, 238