The Silk Road: A New History (63 page)

routes through,
58–59

and the Tang dynasty, 79–82, 211

and tourism, 10

and trade, 76–82

See also
Kuchean language

Kucha caves, 10

Kucha River, 58

Kuchean language

and Kumarajiva, 21, 56–57, 66

and Pelliot’s expedition, 65

and Qu family rulers, 91

scholarship on, 70–77

and transformation texts, 188

travel passes,
57
, 79, 80

and Turfan, 82–83

word for “coin,” 259n58

Küchlük, 229

Kultobe, 116

Kum, 129

Kumamoto, Hiroshi, 226

Kumarajiva, 21, 56, 57, 66–70,
67
, 240

Kum River, 130

Kumtura, 61, 77

Kushan Empire, 18, 47–48, 52, 71, 202–3, 248n15

Kyrgyzstan, 90, 113

Lake Issyk-kul, 90, 113, 114

land deeds, 45–47

Lane, George Sherman, 72

languages of the Silk Road.
See specific languages

Laozi, 182

lapis lazuli, 194

Late Khotanese, 210

Later Qin dynasty, 68–69

laws

and archeology, 34, 143, 149

and bankruptcy, 165

and Buddhism, 47, 51, 61

Islamic law, 136, 228–29, 232–33

and land distribution, 92

and moneylending, 151

and raids, 49

and silk as currency, 49

and trade regulations, 165

and travel restrictions, 17, 36

See also
contracts

lay associations, 193

leather documents, 132, 137

leather products, 227

Le Coq, Albert von, 12, 60, 61–62, 64–65, 110, 175

legal documents, 45–47,
46
, 228

Liangzhou, 85, 144, 184

Liangzhu, 19

Liao dynasty, 228

library cave.
See
Dunhuang

Li Cheng, 143

Li Guangli, 65

Li Mi, 157

Lingdi, Han-dynasty Emperor, 32

Li Shaojin, 148–49

Li Shengtian, 222

Lishi Yanjiu
, 176

literature, 157–58

livestock.
See
cattle; horses

loan documents

and diplomatic envoys, 192

and Duldur Aqur documents, 81

and Khotanese legal system, 215

and monasteries, 194

and moneylender Zuo’s tomb, 96

and pawn tickets, 151

and Sogdian merchants, 159

and Tang law, 103, 111

Lóczy, Lajos, 167–68

long-distance trade, 13

looting, 212

Lotus Sutra, 56, 69

Loulan

abandonment of, 54–55

and diplomatic envoys, 50

and the Han dynasty, 34

and Kharoshthi documents, 26, 237

and Kroraina Kingdom, 27

and migrant populations, 21, 236

and the Shanshan Kingdom, 42–44

and Stein’s explorations, 35

and trade documents, 42–44

wooden artifacts of, 36–38, 42–43, 45

Lü Guang, 68

Luo Feng, 97

Luoyang, 17, 108, 117–19, 150, 157

Macartney, George, 209, 212, 228

The Mahabharata (Sanskrit epic), 52

Mahayana Buddhism, 52, 66–68, 69

Mahmud of Kashgar, 196, 227–28, 234

mail service,
112
, 116, 196–97, 239

Maitreya Buddha, 61, 211

Malzahn, Melanie, 73

Manchus, 232–33

mandalas, 186

Manichaeism

in art,
109, color plate 11A

and Chang’an, 159

and Dunhuang cave documents, 167, 181, 182–83, 241

and immigrant populations, 4

and Uighurs, 108–11,
109
, 228

Marinus, 7

marriage contracts, 133–34

Mashik, 93, 95

Mauryan dynasty, 47

mazar
shrines, 234,
color plate 16A

Mazar Tagh, 216

medicine,
153
, 154

Melikawat, 199, 207

Meng Fanren, 176

merchants

and banditry,
193
, 240

Bento de Goes, 231–32

caravans in the Zhou dynasty, 79

in Caucasus region, 138

in Chang’an markets, 148–49, 157–58

and contract law, 103

and Gansu Province, 85

and Hedin’s travels, 11

Iranian,
2
, 3, 159

and jataka tales, 64

Jewish, 31–32, 217–18,
219
, 231

Kharoshthi sources on, 50

and local trade, 237

misconceptions about, 82, 111, 184

and the Mongol Empire, 231

and
Periplus of the Erythraean Sea
, 18

and precious stones, 194–95

and Qing dynasty, 233

regulation of, 37, 104, 237–38

and sea travel, 160–65,
162–63

and the silk trade, 49

Sogdian traders, 43, 81, 104, 116, 119–20, 125, 136, 138, 157–59, 239

and taxes, 99,
100–102
, 102

and Turfan, 96, 106

and Zhang Qian’s travels, 14

metalsmithing, 156

metalwares, 194

Methods & Aims in Archaeology
(Stein), 176–77

Middle Khotanese, 210

Middle Persian, 71–72, 182, 210, 217

migrant populations, 47–48, 200, 235, 239, 240.
See also
nomadic people; refugees

military presence on the Silk Road

economic impact of, 8–9, 107

and the Han dynasty, 8, 14–15, 236

and Kroraina Kingdom, 42

and the Qing dynasty, 233

and Tang-dynasty payments to soldiers, 184, 215, 237

Minfeng, 33

Ming dynasty, 111, 151

Mintaka Pass, 32

Minway, 118–19, 239

Miran, 27, 53–54,
color plate 5B

missionaries, 66,
150
, 183, 238, 240

Mithra, 134

Mohoyan Desert, 85

Mongols, 110, 229, 231

monotheism, 118

Moshchevaia Balka, 137–38

Mount Ling, 113

Mount Mugh, 21, 129–39,
131

Mount Wutai, 186, 187

Muhammad, 129, 230

multilingual texts, 214

mummies.
See
human remains

murals, 125,
126, 128
, 129, 138–39

Musakazim Mazar,
color plate 16B

Museum of Indian Art (Berlin), 110

musk, 232

Muslim conquests.
See
Islam

mutual aid societies, 193

Muzart River, 58, 60

Nalanda, 240

Nana (goddess), 124,
126

Nanga Parbat, 27

National Library of China, 213, 217–18

naus
structures, 123

Neelis, Jason, 32