The Sultan and the Queen: The Untold Story of Elizabeth and Islam (59 page)

Hentzner, Paul, 266

Herbst, Johann, 22, 24

Heredia, Juan de, 148

Herle, William, 65, 124

Hilliard, Nicholas, 185

Hobson, Harold, 188

Hogan, Edmund, 66, 67–72, 73, 83, 107, 110–11, 175, 225, 240

Holinshed, Raphael, 65, 76

Holmden, Edward, 193

Holy League, 64, 65, 70, 72, 289

Homem, Diogo, 31

Honeyman, Philip, 268

Hope Theatre, 106

Horne, Robert, 61

Hotspur (fict.), 210

Howard, Charles, 130, 146, 155, 194

Hubblethorne, Morgan, 206

Huguenots, 61–62, 101, 181–83

Hungary, Ottoman invasion of, 186, 203–4, 217

India, trade possibilities with, 119

“infidel,” origins of term, 21

Isabella I of Castile, 25

“Ishmaelite,” use of term, 20

Islam:

Anglo-Islamic relations, 5, 8, 10–11, 31, 36, 54, 112–13, 122, 123–25, 145, 152–54, 162, 205, 262

anti-Islamic views in England, 134–35

and Catholicism, 180

Christianity vs., 8, 25–26, 271, 298

and clash of civilizations, 299

converts to (“turning Turk”), 8, 20, 138–39, 282

first conversion to English Protestantism, 133–38

five pillars of faith, 19

and forced conversions, 63, 137–38

history of, 271–72

myths and misconceptions about, 5, 9, 20, 21, 22, 299

origins of, 19

and Protestant faith, 8, 73, 90, 91, 94

renegadoes
converted to, 127–28, 136, 137

Sunni vs. Shi’a branches of, 36–39, 42, 45, 49, 53, 240–42, 272

theology of, 19–20

trade with, 31, 112

“Twelvers,” 37–38

use of term, 5, 20

war between Muslims forbidden by, 38

Ismail I, Shah, 36, 38–39, 48, 237

Istanbul (Constantinople), 85

Italy, and Holy League, 64

Ivan IV Vasilyevich (Ivan the Terrible), Tsar, 30–31, 40–42, 46–47, 49, 53, 54

Jacobeans, 298

James I, King of England (James VI, King of Scotland), 254, 255, 288–89, 290–92, 297

“Lepanto,” 289

Janissaries, 35, 87, 97, 117

Jenkinson, Anthony, 34–36, 39–46, 140, 237, 240, 243

achievements of, 10, 39–41, 53, 54

and Muscovy Company, 34, 40, 44, 46

and Ottoman trade, 40, 42–43, 110–11

and Persian trade, 45, 68

second voyage of, 46–53

and Spanish Company, 84

and Süleyman, 35–36, 40, 49, 52

travel to Russia, 41–42, 43–44, 46, 53, 54, 248

Jerusalem (holy city), 38, 98

Jesus
(ship), 122, 138

Joan of Arc, 179

John III, King of Portugal, 75

John Manuel, Prince, 75

John of Austria, Don, 64

Johnson, Richard,
Seven Champions of Christendom,
214–15

joint-stock companies, 3, 29–31, 34, 104–5, 154, 290, 291

Jonson, Ben, 158

Joseph, Rabbi, “Marrakesh Dialogs,” 128

Key, Thomas, 205

Khalifat Rasul Allah (caliph), 36–37

Knolles, Richard,
The General Historie of the Turkes,
6

Kyd, Thomas, 272

The Spanish Tragedy,
163

Lancosme, Jacques de Savary, 132, 182

Lane, Henry, 44

Langland, William,
Piers Plowman,
22

Laschari, Constantino, 38–39

Laud, Archbishop William, 298

Leicester, Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of:

and Barbary Company, 121, 123, 125, 131

death of, 149–50, 181, 205

and Moroccan trade, 67, 114–17, 120–21, 125, 129, 131

and Sherley, 230

and Symcot, 115–17, 120

and theater, 106, 107, 114

Leicester’s Men, 106, 107

Lello, Henry “Fog,” 217, 219–21, 223, 235

Leo Africanus,
see
Wazzan, al-Hasan ibn Muhammah ibn Ahmad al-

Levant Company, 223, 265, 266, 269, 290

Lewkenor, Sir Lewis, 261

Lion, Robert, 128

Lisbon Inquisition, 128

Lopez, Roderigo, 196–97

Lord Strange’s Men, 163

Louis IX, King of France, 17

Low Countries:

Calvinists in, 15, 29, 60, 61, 63, 123, 154

captives released, 258–59, 261, 265

Dutch Revolt, medal,
155

and Portugal Expedition, 154, 167

trade with, 28, 29, 34, 35, 74, 233

Treaty of Nonsuch with, 123

Lumley, John, Lord, 205

Luther, Martin, 17, 22,
23
, 24–25, 26

Lutheran “heresy,” 27

Machiavelli, Niccolò, 241

Mahdi, 37, 38, 171

Mahmud, 223

Mahometans, 49

opponents of, 134

use of term, 5, 276

see also
Islam; Muhammad

Mainwaring, George, 234, 235–36, 238–39, 244, 245

Malchi, Esperanza, 185–86, 222, 223

Malik, Abd al-, 63, 67–71, 73, 75, 77–78, 80, 83, 103

Malta, 272

Baker’s trial in, 101–2

and Holy League, 64

Maltese Knights of St. John, 98, 101

Mamluks:

Ottoman victory over, 35

Shi’a opposition to, 37

Mansur, Ahmad al-, Sultan, 63, 79, 80, 126–31, 199, 282

and anti-Spanish alliance, 6, 114, 129, 131, 147, 148–50, 152–54, 168–72, 193, 195, 259, 270–71

communication with Elizabeth, 114, 120, 147, 193, 258, 265, 270–71

death of, 289

and Don António, 125, 129, 147, 149, 150, 153–54, 169

and English trade, 103, 115, 120, 126

and Marrakesh, 126–27, 148

negotiations with, 257–60

Ottoman opponents of, 7

and Roberts, 125, 126, 128–30, 147, 149–50

Manuel I, King of Portugal, 80

Marbeck, Roger, 194

Marín, Diego, 148

Marlowe, Christopher, 111, 216, 298

death of, 176–77, 200

influence of, 179, 272, 281, 284, 288

The Jew of Malta,
174–76, 178, 188, 190, 196, 200

Tamburlaine,
6, 155–59, 160–63, 165, 172–74, 178, 210, 212, 281, 284, 288

Marrakesh:

English ambassador (Roberts) in, 126–30, 145, 147–50

English merchants attacked in, 148

redesign of, 237

Mary Stuart, Queen of Scotland, 33, 61

Mary Tudor, 44, 59

as “Bloody Mary,” 27

coronation of, 33

death of, 32, 33, 42

marriage to Philip, 13–16, 18, 28, 57

plenum dominium
of, 28

and trade, 31, 41

Massinger, Philip,
The Renegado,
297

Mastidge, Edmond, 128

Maximilian, Archduke, 203

Mecca (holy city), 38, 86

Medina (holy city), 38, 86

Mehmed II, Sultan, 9, 84–85

Mehmed III, Sultan, 202–3, 217, 219–22, 223, 243, 244, 255, 257, 289

Mehmed Pasha, Sokollu, 72, 87, 88, 95–96

Mello, Nicolò de, 245–47

Mendès, Alvaro, 202

Mendoza, Bernardino de, 92–93, 112–13, 115

Mercers’ Company, 40, 66, 74

Merchant Adventurers Company, 29, 30–31, 104, 114

Middle Kingdom, 43

Mikulin, Grigorii, 267

Millers, Harvie, 118

Monson, William, 194

Moors:

of Barbary, 55, 56

depicted in theater, 189–92, 195–201, 216, 276–77, 287–88, 297

of Morocco, 7

trade with, 218

use of term, 5, 20, 164, 170, 276

More, Thomas:

Dialog Concerning Heresies,
25

drama about, 293–95

Utopia,
25

Moriscos, 63, 264, 270, 273, 282

Morocco:

Anglo-Moroccan alliance, 6–7, 8–9, 68–71, 82, 129, 131, 149–50, 152, 168, 170, 193, 195, 261–64, 265–66, 268–71

Barbary kingdom of, 56

civil war in, 289

Dar al-Makhzen palace in, 126

first English ambassador (Roberts) to, 125–30, 149–50

invasion of Songhai by, 171–72

Jewish intermediaries in, 58, 127, 200

Ottoman Empire vs., 7, 63

regulated commerce with, 120–21, 122–23, 201

sugar farms in, 58, 69, 116, 120, 126, 131, 265, 266

trade with, 4, 57–59, 62, 66–72, 103–5, 112, 113, 114–16, 120, 121, 125, 131–32, 152, 201, 216, 260, 266

and trans-Saharan trade route, 171

Morosini, Gianfrancesco, 118, 124–25, 141

Mu’awiyah, governor of Damascus, 37

Muhammad, Prophet:

death of, 19, 36

depictions of, 6, 160, 173, 180, 207, 272

direct line of descent, 36–37, 171

myths of, 21–22, 180

opponents of, 20, 134–35

prophecies of, 19, 37

and Qur’an, 19, 20, 24

Murad III, Sultan, 72–73, 85–87

and anti-Spanish alliance, 124–25, 129, 132, 142, 143–45, 182

and Barton, 185

commercial profits of, 132

correspondence with Elizabeth, 1–3, 4, 7, 89–95, 101–2, 113–14, 118, 136, 171, 186

death of, 202–3

and French Capitulations, 101

gift exchange with, 185–86

and Harborne, 84, 117–19, 123–24, 141, 142–45

and Philip II, 96

war with Persia, 73–74

Murza, Shah Ali, 52

Musa, Hajj (Messa, Side al-Hage), 259, 264–65

Muscovy Company, 131

charter members of, 57, 58, 114

and Jenkinson, 34, 40, 44, 46