The Transformation of the World (258 page)

combustible gases,
653

electricity,
64
,
310
,
311
,
651
–
52
,
657

fossil fuel age,
62
,
63
,
217
,
267

“human motors,”
305
–
6
,
652
(
See also
labor
)

petroleum products as,
233
,
282
,
387
,
653

water turbines,
653
,
657

whale oil,
386
–
87

wood as source of,
377
–
78
,
381

Engels, Friedrich,
18
–
19
,
88
,
273
,
274
,
668
,
834
,
903

Engerman, Stanley L.,
707

England

agriculture in,
212
–
15
,
249
–
50
,
704
,
908

banking and financial markets in,
739

citizenship in,
599

consumer society in,
228
,
233

deforestation in,
380

democratization in,
220
,
599

disease outbreaks in,
180
,
185
,
190

education in,
790
,
800
,
805

holiday resorts in,
266

industrialization in,
61
–
62
,
72
,
96
,
171
,
212
,
213
–
14
,
273
–
75
,
485
,
638
,
643
–
46
,
653
–
55
,
662
,
667

life expectancy and,
171
–
72

migration from,
129
,
130
–
31
,
135
,
155

monarchy in,
521
,
562

nobility in,
751
–
52

population of,
121
,
122

public health in,
172
–
73
,
176
–
77
,
180

religion in,
880
,
882
–
83

revolutionary unrest and,
60
,
394
,
399
–
400
,
514
,
521
–
24
,
525
,
540
–
43
,
546
,
639

rule of law as value in,
594

secularization in,
880
,
897

social class in,
747
,
751
–
53

social welfare in,
202
,
226
,
622
,
624

starvation in,
202

transportation in,
260
,
304
,
689
,
691
,
712

urbanization in,
176
,
249
–
50
,
259
,
262
,
270
,
272
–
75
,
308
,
314
–
15
,
391
,
805
,
837

See also
British Empire
;
Great Britain

English language,
781
–
84

entrepreneurs,
64
,
150
,
275
,
305
,
327
,
443
,
645
–
46
,
661
,
769
,
776

Enver Pasha,
568

environment, nature as,
95

epidemics.
See
disease

equality

colonialism and inequality,
918

democracy and,
602

economic,
219

legal,
60
–
61
,
913
–
15

Erckman-Chatrian (Alexander Chatrian and Émile Erckmann),
491

Erie Canal,
260
,
689
–
90
,
712
,
737

Esperanto,
511

espionage,
497
,
640
,
722

Essen,
273
,
391

Etemad, Bouda,
125
–
26

Ethiopia,
151
,
183
,
243
,
385
,
401
,
485
,
487
,
497
,
582
,
592
,
909

ethnic cleansing,
139
–
44
,
342
,
369
,
872

ethnocentrism,
13
–
14
,
464
,
826
,
828
,
857

ethnography,
13
–
14

Eugénie, Empress of France,
501
,
691

Eurasia,
102
–
4

nomadic peoples of,
356
–
58

racial identity and,
102
–
3

Eurocentrism,
86
–
88
,
99
,
237
–
38
,
746
–
47
,
906

Europe,
87
–
89

as both unified and diverse,
101

bureaucracy in,
614
–
15

censuses in,
26
–
27

education and literacy in,
788
–
89

exploration and geographic research in,
80

imperialism and,
59

industrialization in,
647
–
48

life expectancy in,
170
–
72

per Capita GDP in,
169

population of,
122
–
24

system of states in,
396
–
99
,
432
–
34
,
469
–
75
,
487
,
493
–
94
,
650

technological and cultural innovation in,
43
–
44

transportation in,
100
–
101

“turning point” events in domestic politics,
54

urbanization of,
254
,
259

Western,
101
–
2

See also
Eastern Europe

Europeanization,
43
–
44
,
367
,
727

missionaries and,
236
,
238
,
353
,
778

evangelicalism,
883

Everest, George,
81

evolution, theory of,
897

See also
social Darwinism

exhibitions, world,
14
–
15
,
647
,
829
,
900

exile,
109
,
133
–
39
,
136
,
526

exploration and geographic research,
79
–
81

export markets,
208
,
352
,
643
–
45
,
660
,
662

Expositions Universelle, Paris,
15

Eylau, battle of,
491

Eyre, Edward,
459

factories,
42
,
249
,
273
,
287
–
88
,
640
,
643
,
664
,
667
,
670
,
675
,
686
–
88

cityscapes and,
7
,
273
–
75

health and,
172
,
175
,
179

length of workday in,
72
–
73

social discipline and alienation of the worker,
72
–
73

urbanization and,
249
,
254

factual investigation,
17
–
18

famine

in Africa,
205
–
6
,
224

in Bali,
198
–
99

causes of,
201
,
206
,
240
,
834

in China,
201
,
206
–
11

in Europe,
201
–
5

in India,
40
,
126
,
159
,
206
–
8
,
678

in Iran,
205

in Ireland,
124
,
203
–
4
,
834

in Japan,
206

population and,
121

in Tsarist Russia,
204
–
5

Faraday, Michael,
652
,
771

“Far East,”
83
–
85

Fennelosa, Ernest,
812

Ferdinand VII, King of Spain,
520
,
534
,
535
,
562

Ferguson, Adam,
539

Ferguson, Niall,
392

Fernández-Armesto, Felipe,
95

Fez,
251
,
270
,
308

Fichte, Johann Gottlieb,
859

Fiji,
125
,
157
–
58
,
197
,
731

films,
42
–
43
,
64

finance markets,
289
,
665
,
671
,
736
–
43

capital exports,
64
,
671
,
736
–
41

debt and,
738
,
741
–
43

diplomacy and loan agreements,
497
–
98
,
738
–
39
,
742
–
43

international debt crises,
742
–
43

as networks,
64
,
94

and political leverage,
738
–
39

fin de siècle,
58
,
63
–
64
,
84
,
86
,
128
,
220
,
558
–
61
,
668
–
69
,
930n73

Finer, Samuel E.,
598

Finland,
101
,
599
–
600
,
603
,
860

First Carlist War,
520

First Vatican Council,
901

Fisch, Jörg,
914
,
917

fisheries,
323

See also
whaling

Fitzpatrick,
Thomas
,
345

Fleming, Sandford,
69
–
70

floods,
200
–
201

Florence,
269
,
298
,
518

Fogel, Robert W.,
171
–
72
,
707

Fontane, Theodor,
19

food

Columbian exchange and introduction of crops,
226
–
27

dietary deficiency diseases,
168
,
202

famine,
40
,
121
,
124
,
126
,
159
,
198
–
211
,
224
,
678
,
834

longevity and food security,
171
–
72
,
176

mobility of culinary systems,
227
–
30

restaurants,
231
–
32

See also
agriculture

Ford, Henry,
220
,
868

forests as natural resources,
244
,
323
,
329
,
349
,
356
,
376
–
82
,
384
,
391
,
544
,
656
,
691
,
731

Foucault, Michel,
62

Fourier, Charles,
604

Fox, Gerald,
252

Foyn, Sven,
387

France,
5
,
16
,
28
,
70
–
71
,
110
,
255
,
657

Britain and,
70
–
71
,
101
–
2
,
437

civilizing missions and,
829
–
31

civil rights as institutionalized by,
31
–
32
,
465
–
66
,
530
,
543
,
842

“classical modernism” and,
65

democracy in,
916

demographics,
122
–
23
,
128
,
130
,
137
,
169

Franco-Prussian War,
123
,
182
,
194
,
403
,
416

industrialization in,
647

modernity in,
905

as modern nation-state,
910

nobility in,
751
–
52

public health in,
173
,
176
,
181

See also
French Empire
;
French Revolution

Franco-Prussian War,
123
,
182
,
194
,
403
,
416