The Transformation of the World (255 page)

village society and,
677
,
679
,
680

wealth in,
170
,
221

Westernization in,
34
,
227
–
28
,
291
,
826
,
913

women's movement in,
507

See also
Qing Dynasty

Chinese Exclusion Act (US),
862
–
63

Chinese language,
781
–
82

Chinese Revolution of 1911 (Xinhai),
556
–
70

Chirol, Valenine,
83

Chocktaw Indians,
203

cholera,
125
,
164
,
173
,
188
–
94
,
239
,
689
–
90
,
847

Chopin, Frédéric,
39
,
62
,
179

Christianity

anti-Muslim violence and,
868

anti-Semitism and,
866

as conceptualized by European Christians,
875
–
76

conversion to,
866

Europe and,
87

gender roles and,
464

in Japan,
885
,
903

resistance to,
553

as western export,
913

See also
missionaries
,
religious

Chulalongkorn, King of Siam,
22
,
65
,
236
,
501
–
2
,
576
,
586
,
592

Churchill, Sir Winston,
236
,
488
,
918

cities

acceleration and,
245
,
249

architecture and character of,
7
,
270
–
72
,
319

circulation within,
245

cityscapes,
7
,
12
,
250
,
273
–
74
,
276
,
284
,
295
–
96
,
298
,
301
–
2
,
316
,
318
,
320

city systems,
260
–
62

“colonial cities,”
283
–
97
,
286
,
320

commerce and,
260

community and public association in,
247

core/periphery relationships and,
262
–
64
,
289

as cultural constructs,
241
–
42
,
246
,
311
–
12

frontier cities,
289

imperial metropolises,
295
–
97

industrialization and,
267
–
70
,
272
–
75

infrastructure development in,
246
,
260
–
62
,
311
,
320
–
21

knowledge concentration in,
249

as leisure resorts,
246
,
265
–
66

megacities,
242
,
254
,
288
–
89
,
320

as metropolises,
263
,
267
–
70
,
295
–
97

as mining centers,
267

modernity and,
248
–
49
,
771

as nodes in networks,
242
–
43
,
246
,
250
,
260
–
64
,
275
–
77

as organized social spaces,
241
–
49

planning for,
7
,
245
–
46
,
247
,
314
–
19

as political capitals,
267
–
70

ports and,
267
–
68
,
275
–
83
,
289
–
90

post-colonial,
295

religion and,
265
,
268
,
321

segregation in,
287
–
88

size hierarchy of,
255
–
56
,
262
–
64

slums in,
176
,
224
,
245
,
301
,
303
,
307
–
9
,
317
,
834

stone construction and,
243
–
44

suburban development,
309
–
10

“supergrowth” of,
258
–
60

symbolic nature of,
268
,
271
,
274
,
284
–
85
,
292
,
297
–
300
,
311
–
14
,
771

transportation and,
246
,
265
,
300
–
307

as walled or enclosed space,
244
,
278
,
284
,
297
–
300
,
307

“world cities,”
250
–
51
,
263
–
64

See also
suburbs
;
urbanization

citizenship,
596
,
603
,
627
,
628
,
704
,
861
–
62

“average citizen” as statistical abstraction,
28

British,
55
,
135
–
36
,
600
,
869

democracy and,
60
–
61
,
354
–
55
,
593
,
602
–
3
,
632
–
33

French,
464
–
65
,
842

imperialism and subject status,
465

military conscription and,
157
,
617
–
18

race and restrictions on,
354
–
55
,
530
,
531
,
595
–
96
,
601
,
700
,
852

and the state,
404
,
423
,
573
,
632
–
33
,
796
,
909

in US,
60
–
61
,
464
–
65
,
556
,
595
–
96
,
600
–
601
,
603
,
852

civil equality,
60
–
61
,
234
,
878

civilization

as concept,
826
–
27

culinary systems and,
226
–
30

fluidity of,
745
–
46

modernity and,
836

and the primitive as concept,
834

rule of law and standard of,
831
–
33

stereotypes of nomadic peoples,
223
–
24

in Turner's frontier thesis,
356

the West and,
87

See also
civilizing missions

civilizing missions

abolition of slavery as,
839
–
43

Bavarian,
829

British,
451
,
827
,
830
–
31
,
835
,
850

city construction as,
243
–
44

civilized/barbaric dichotomy and,
826
–
27

and disruption of indigenous cultures,
336

economic inequality and,
836

education and literacy in,
797

emancipation and,
871
–
72
,
917

ethnocentrism and,
827
–
29
,
836

French,
437
,
441
,
829
–
31
,
835

imperialism and,
827
–
29
,
836
,
859
–
60
,
888

Jewish reforms as “self-civilizing,”
865
–
66

legal systems and,
831
–
34

liberal expectations of,
854
–
55

market as instrument of,
833
–
34

migration and,
834

motivations for,
827
–
28

to peasants and other “internal barbarians,”
822
–
23
,
828
–
29
,
834
–
35

peripheries and,
423
,
827
–
28
,
829

poverty and,
834

and the primitive as concept,
834

racism and,
341
–
43
,
353
–
54
,
835
,
859
–
60
,
870
–
72

religion and,
437
,
826
,
827
,
830
–
32
,
887
,
892
–
94
(
See also
missionaries
,
religious
)

and social disciplining,
451

Tsarist Empire and,
366
–
67

US Indian policy and,
341
–
45
,
366

violence in,
835

war as instrument of,
832

civil rights,
31
–
32
,
144
,
449
,
465
–
66
,
543
–
45
,
550
,
600

anti-Semitism and,
869
,
870
,
915

of Jews in Europe,
866

racial discrimination and,
530
–
31
,
700
,
842
,
852
–
53
,
863
,
866
–
67
,
903

religious minorities and,
869

civil wars, as failed attempts at revolution,
520

Cixi, Empress Dowager of China,
138
,
501
,
562
,
564
,
583
–
84
,
587

Clapperton, Hugh,
293

Clark, William,
21
,
79

Clarke, Marcus,
20

Clarkson, Thomas,
541

classes, social.
See
status
,
social

Clausewitz, Carl von,
490

Clayton-Bulwer Treaty,
477

Clemenceau, Georges,
554

climate,
66
–
67
,
85
,
95
,
123
,
135
,
146
,
194
,
196
–
98
,
210
,
335
,
382

desertification,
382

el Niño current,
206

eruption of Tambora and “year without a summer,”
199

clothing,
235
–
36

coal,
62
,
274
,
277
–
78
,
381
,
647
,
651
–
57
,
690
–
91
,
908

mining and production of,
63
,
134
,
150
,
267
,
661

Cobden, Richard,
88
,
494

Coca-Cola,
233

Cochin China,
147
,
212
,
440
,
620
,
682

See also
Vietnam

cocoa,
150
,
212
,
842

coffee,
349
–
50
,
378
–
80
,
848
,
850
–
51

Cold War,
101
–
2
,
394
,
420
,
474

Coleridge, Samuel Taylor,
780
,
841

colonial geographers,
80

colonialism,
906
–
7
,
910

and appropriation of art and artifacts,
13

“civilizing mission” of,
917

cultural transference and,
913

democracy and,
916

and domestic political events,
54
–
55

Dutch Indochina,
20

economics of,
442
–
43

as epochal break,
57
–
58

European migration and,
129
–
30

French Indochina,
909

labor and colonial economy,
154
(
See also
slavery
)

literature and,
20

middle-class identity and,
771

migration and,
129
–
30

nationalism and,
917

newspapers and,
33

population disasters and,
124
–
27

racist rationales for,
835

during
Sattelzeit,
59
–
60

segregation and,
287
–
88

slavery and,
130

state control and,
909