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Chapter 1: The Religious Context
1
. Albright 1957, 265.
2
. Baly 1957; Eliade [1958] 1974.
3
. For an extended discussion: Stark 2007a.
4
. Gnoli 2000.
5
. Gershevitch 1964, 14.
6
. Gershevitch 1964.
7
. Nock 1949
8
. Gnoli 1987.
9
. Liebeschuetz 1979, 1.
10
. Liebeschuetz 1979, 3.
11
. Liebeschuetz 1979, 8.
12
. MacMullen 1981, 109.
13
. Beard 1990, 27.
14
. Stark 2007a, 98.
15
. Beard, North, and Price 1998, 1:87.
16
. Stark 2007a.
17
. Ferguson 1970, 27.
18
. Bailey 1932, 258.
19
. Beard, North, and Price 1998, 1:280.
20
. Clauss 2000, 26–27.
21
. Cumont [1906] 1956, 20–45.
22
. Burkert 1985, 109.
23
. Cumont [1906] 1956, 30.
24
. Pettazzoni 1954, 208.
25
. Liebeschuetz 1979, 40.
26
. Cumont, [1906] 1956, 39.
27
. Pettazzoni 1954, 62.
28
. Beard, North, and Price 1998, 1:284.
29
. Cumont [1906] 1956, 44.
30
. Beard, North, and Price 1998, 1:286.
31
. Cumont [1906] 1956, 43–44.
32
. Beard, North, and Price 1998, 1:297.
33
. Beard, North, and Price 1998, 1:42.
34
. Beard, North, and Price 1998, 1:287.
35
. North 1979.
36
. North 2004, 231.
37
. Stark and Finke 2000, chap. 6.
38
. Beard, North, and Price 1998, 2:275.
39
. Gierke 1977.
40
. Pliny, 1969, 271–72.
41
. Beard, North, and Price 1998, 1:92.
42
. Beard, North, and Price 1998, vol. 1; Klauck 2003.
43
. For the relevant extracts see Beard, North, and Price 1998, 2:288–90; Warrior 2002, 99–105.
44
. Hopkins 2004, 573; also Warrior 2002.
45
. Beard, North, and Price 1998, 2:290–91.
46
. North 1979, 87.
47
. North 1979; Beard, North, and Price 1998, 1:92–96; Burkert 2004.
48
. North 1979, 86.
49
. Burkert 2004, chap. 4.
50
. Burkert 2004, 77.
51
. Burkert 2004, 80.
52
. North 1979.
53
. Beard, North, and Price 1998, 1:95.
54
. Bailey 1932, 186.
55
. Grant 1986, 34.
56
. Bailey 1932, 186.
57
. Josephus,
Jewish Antiquities
3.18.
58
. Bailey 1932, 186.
59
. Cumont [1906] 1956, 81.
60
. Cumont [1906] 1956, 82.
61
. Turcan 1996, 86–87.
62
. Cumont [1906] 1956, 52.
63
. Cumont [1906] 1956, 53.
64
. Beard, North, and Price 1998, 1:97.
65
. Quoted in Augustine,
City of God
6.11.
66
. Tacitus,
The Histories
5.1–13 (The Jews).
67
. Moehring 1959, 296.
68
. Smallwood 1981, 129.
69
. Tacitus,
Annals
2.85.
70
. Suetonius,
Tiberius
36.
71
. Cassisu Dio,
Historia Romana
67.14.
72
. Leon [1960] 1995, 23–27.
73
. Bailey 1932, 258.
74
. Grant 1986, 103.
75
. Witt 1997, 129.
76
. Bailey 1932, 271.
77
. Stark 2006.
Chapter 2: Many Judaisms
1
. If we accept that Herod still ruled when Jesus was born, it could have been no later than 4
bce
. For well-founded discussions of the year Jesus was born see Thorley 1981 and Zeitlin 1964.
2
. Grant 1973, 64.
3
. Grant 1973, 69.
4
. Grant 1973, 80–81.
5
. Evans 2002b, 2.
6
. Batey 1991
7
. Feldman 1981, 310.
8
. Stern 1976, 204.
9
. Feldman 1981, 310.
10
. Feldman 1981, 310.
11
. Stark 2007b.
12
. Stark and Bainbridge 1985, chap. 7.
13
. For a recent statement of the theory see Stark and Finke 2000.
14
. Stevens 2006, 93–96.
15
. Stern 1976, 194.
16
. Feldman 1981, 310.
17
. Stern 1976, 192.
18
. Stern 1976, 194.
19
. Cohen 1987; Georgi 1995.
20
. Baumgarten 1997.
21
. Josephus,
Jewish Antiquities.
22
. Baumgarten 1997, 42–43.
23
. Baumgarten 1997, 47–48.
24
. Rivkin 1987a, 563.
25
. Rivkin 1987a, 564.
26
. Rivkin 1987a, 563.
27
. Rivkin 1987b, 269.
28
.
Antiquities of the Jews
13.10.7.
29
. Both quotes from Rivkin 1987b, 271.
30
. Cohen 1987, 210.
31
. Josephus,
Jewish
War
2.8.2–5.
32
. Rivkin 1987b, 163.
33
. Schiffman 1987, 164.
34
. Baumgarten 1997.
35
. Baumgarten 1997; Smith 1971.
36
. Josephus,
Jewish Antiquities
17.10.10.
37
. Horsley and Hanson 1985, 205.
38
. Quoted in Horsley and Hanson 1985, 200.
39
. Horsley and Hanson 1985, 202.
40
. Bauckham 2007b, 62.
41
.
The Life of Falvius Josephus
2.
42
. Daniel-Rops 1962, 397.
43
. Daniel-Rops 1962, 424.
44
. Daniel-Rops 1962, 425.
45
. Neusner 1984, ix.
46
. Kee 1987, 190.
47
. Daniel-Rops 1962, 425.
48
. Goldstein 1987, 69.
49
. Collins 2007, 12.
50
. Daniel-Rops 1962, 427–28.
51
. Quoted in Collins 2007, 19.
52
. For an excellent modern summary, see Klinghoffer 2005.
53
. Knohl 2000; 2008.
54
. Yardini 2008. It is written in the first person and line 77 reads “I Gabriel.”
55
. Yardini 2008.
Chapter 3: Jesus and the Jesus Movement
1
. Josephus,
Jewish Antiquities
20.9.1.
2
. Josephus,
Jewish Antiquities
18.3.3.
3
. Tacitus,
Annals
15.44.3
4
. Evans 2006.
5
. Craffert and Botha 2005; Crossan 1994; Funk 1996.
6
. Gamble 1995.
7
. For extreme variation in conclusions see: Vermes 1983; 1984; Casey 1991.
8
. Burridge and Stanton 2004.
9
. Witherington 1997, 92.
10
. Edwards 2005, 29.
11
. Nock 1938, 21.
12
. Vermes 1981, 21.
13
. For a summary see Baldet 2003.
14
. Bütz 2005, 53–54; Crossan 1994, 135.
15
. Evans 2001, 19.
16
. Evans 2001, 19.
17
. Tresmontant 1989.
18
. Witherington 1997, 26–27.
19
. Batey 1991.
20
. Evans 2002b, 23.
21
. Crossan 1991.
22
. Sanders 1995, 12.
23
. Frend 1984, 57.
24
. Sanders 1995, 102.
25
. Witherington 1997, 90–91.