The Triumph of Christianity (61 page)
6
. de Ste. Croix 1963a, 7.
7
.
The Letters of the Younger Pliny
10.96.
8
.
The Letters of the Younger Pliny
10.97 (Trajan to Pliny)
.
9
. Mattingly 1967, 39.
10
. de Ste. Croix 1963a.
11
. Noted in Keresztes 1968.
12
. Keresztes 1968.
13
. Keresztes 1968.
14
. Eusebius,
The Ecclesiastical History
5.1.41–56.
15
. Frend 1984, 318.
16
. Oost 1961, 4.
17
. Oborn 1933.
18
. Ferrill 1986; Jones 1948; Luttwak 1976; MacMullen 1963.
19
. Jones 1948, 23–24.
20
. Rostovtzeff 1926.
21
. Abbott 1911.
22
. Rives 1999, 137.
23
. Boak and Sinnigen 1965, 415.
24
. Rives 1999, 142.
25
. Quoted in Frend 1965, 405.
26
. Rives 1999, 141.
27
. Eusebius,
The Ecclesiastical History
6.41.7.
28
. Eusebius,
The Ecclesiastical History
7.12.
29
. Mattingly 1967, 54: coins minted at the time make this certain.
30
. Eusebius,
The Ecclesiastical History
8.1.
31
. Mattingly 1967, 56.
32
. Barnes 1981, 19; Mattingly 1967, 56.
33
. Barnes 1981, 19.
34
. Rostovtzeff 1926, 453–54.
35
. Frend [1965] 1981, 491.
36
. Mattingly 1967, 57.
37
. Barnes 1981, 24.
38
. Barnes 1981, 24.
39
. Grant 1978, 308.
40
. Barnes 1981, 31.
41
. Frend 1965, 413.
42
. Barnes 1981, 201.
43
. de Ste. Croix 1963a; Frend 1984; Mattingly 1967.
44
. Eusebius,
The Martyrs of Palestine
1.
45
. Mattingly 1967, 45.
46
. de Ste. Croix 1963a, 22.
47
. Edwards 1919, 21.
48
. Riddle 1931, 64.
49
. McBroom 1966.
50
. Schoedel 1991, 135.
51
. Ignatius,
Epistle to the Romans.
52
. Fremantle 1954, 191.
53
. Weiner and Weiner 1990, 80–81.
54
. Quoted in Benko 1984, 141.
55
. Eusebius [ca. 325] 1927.
Chapter 9: Assessing Christian Growth
1
. Harnack 1905, 466n.
2
. Josephus,
Jewish War
6.9.3.
3
. Josephus,
Jewish War
7.9.1.
4
. Grant 1977, 9.
5
. Barrett 1982, 23.
6
. Turner and Killian 1987.
7
. Kee 1990, 6.
8
. Grant 1977, 146.
9
. Schnabel 2004, 815.
10
. Fox 1987, 269.
11
. Wilken 1984, 31.
12
. Fox 1987, 317.
13
. Goodenough [1931] 1970; Grant 1978; MacMullen 1984. Gibbon [1776–1788] 1994 supposed the number of Christians at that time to be only three million (1: chap. 15).
14
. Stark and Iannaccone 1997; Stark 1996.
15
. McKechnie 2001, 57.
16
. (r =.86) Bagnall,1982; 1987.
17
. I am grateful to Professor Galvao-Sobrinho for graciously providing me with his raw data.
18
. Galvao-Sobrinho 1995.
19
. Details on each are provided in Stark 2006.
20
. Nolan and Lenski 2006, 155.
21
. Stark 2006.
22
. Countryman 1980, 169.
23
. Grant 1977, 7.
24
. Tertullian,
Apology
37.8.
Chapter 10: Constantine’s Very Mixed Blessings
1
. Burckhardt [1880] 1949, 281.
2
. Burckhardt [1880] 1949, 292.
3
. Drake 2000; Pohlsander 1996.
4
. Elliott 1996.
5
. Eusebius,
Life of Constantine
.
6
. Pohlsander 1996, 19–20.
7
. Pohlsander 1996, 21.
8
. Pohlsander 1996.
9
. Barnes 1981, 44.
10
. Barnes 1981, 275.
11
. Eusebius,
Life of Constantine
4.60.
12
. Odahl 2004.
13
. Leadbetter 2000, 1077.
14
. Although often called St. Peter’s Cathedral, technically it is a basilica, not a cathedral, as it is not the seat of a bishop.
15
. Walsh 1982.
16
. Eusebius,
Life of Constantine
3.26–28.
17
. Grant [1970] 1990, 246.
18
. Leadbetter 2000, 1078.
19
. Duffy 1997, 18.
20
. Frend 1984, 487.
21
. Frend 1984, 487.
22
. Fletcher 1997, 19.
23
. Duffy 1997, 27.
24
. Eusebius,
Life of Constantine
1.44.1–3.
25
. Grant [1970] 1990, 236.
26
. Geffcken [1920] 1978, 120.
27
. Both quotes from Bradbury 1994, 123.
28
. Drake 2000, 247.
29
. Drake 1996, 29.
30
. Brown 1995; Drake 2000.
31
. Drake 2000, 244.
32
. Quoted in Drake 2000, 244–87.
33
. Drake 2000, 247.
34
. Moffett 1992, 140.
35
. Montgomery 2002, 44.
36
. Moffett 1992, 140.
37
. Bundy 2007, 132.
38
. Moffett 1992, 145.
Chapter 11: The Demise of Paganism
1
. Kirsch 2004, 18.
2
. Bowersock 1990, 6.
3
. MacMullen 1997, 2.
4
. Gibbon [1776–1788] 1994, 1: 15.447.
5
. Gibbon [1776–1788] 1994, 1: 2.57.
6
. In
Toleration and Other Essays
.
7
. Gibbon [1776–1788] 1994 1: 16.539.
8
. Gibbon [1776–1788] 1994, 1: 20.750.
9
. Brown 1998, 633.
10
. Brown 1998, 641.
11
. Among them Peter Brown, Jean Delumeau, H. A. Drake, and Ramsay MacMullen.
12
. Quoted in Brown 1998, 641.
13
. Brown 1998; MacMullen 1997.
14
. Harl 1990, 14.
15
. MacMullen 1997, 28.
16
. Trombley 1985.
17
. Stark 2006, chap. 3.
18
. Even one of the strongest current proponents of the traditional view that Constantine quickly destroyed paganism has admitted that there is no evidence of pagan protests: “The opposition to Christianity can [only] be guessed rather than demonstrated” (Momigliano 1963, 94).
19
. Winkelman, quoted in Drake 2000, 246.
20
. Drake 2000, 249.
21
. Salzman 1990.
22
. Both quotations from Brown 1995, 12.
23
. Brown 1995, 15.
24
. Brown 1995, 18.
25
. For a summary see Stark 2004, chap. 3.
26
. Bowersock 1978, 18.
27
. Gibbon [1776–1788] 1994, 2: 23.864
28
. Levenson 1990, 510.
29
. Bowersock 1978, 79–93.
30
. Bowersock 1978, 16.
31
. Geffcken [1920] 1978, 139.
32
. Levenson 1990, 510.
33
. Bowersock 1978, 18.
34
. Gibbon [1776–1788] 1994, 2: 23.866–67.
35
. Chuvin 1990. 44.
36
. Geffcken [1920] 1978. 144.
37
. Athanassiadi 1993, 13.
38
. Drake 2000, 434.
39
. Drake 2000, 435.
40
. Drake 2000, 434.
41
. Drake 2000, 436.
42
.
Oratio xviii
, quoted in Drake 1996, 34.
43
. Wilken 1984, 128.
44
. Bloch 1963, 195.