The Triumph of Christianity (68 page)

Jews and Judaism, 3, 9, 13, 21, 27–31, 33–45, 90, 155, 165, 175, 205, 207, 286, 294, 377, 378, 390, 391, 408, 417; American, 356, 358; ancient, 12–31, 33–45; conversion, 65–70, 71–85, 344–47; early Christian literacy and, 96–100; early Christians persecuted by, 62–65; fertility, 80; Hellenistic, 36–38, 66, 75–79, 80–81; Herod and, 34–36, 38, 42; Inquisition and, 333, 344–47; Jesus and, 50, 52, 57, 98, 366, 413–14; Law, 75, 76, 80;
Marranos,
344–47; Messianism, 44–45; Muslims and, 200, 207–210; persecution of, 27–29, 34, 37, 42, 61–63, 140, 200, 207, 333, 344–47; pluralism, 38–43, 63; priests, 39–40, 43; Revolts, 37, 42–43, 65, 70, 77, 199; Roman, 13, 27–31, 33, 37, 41–45, 56, 58, 62–65, 72, 77, 158–59; Samaritan, 36; sects, 38–43; synagogues, 41–42, 62, 72, 78–80; Temple, 38–45, 51, 61–62, 65; women, 80, 122–24, 128; Zealots, 42–45, 154.
See also
Diasporan Jews

John, 50, 53, 54, 82, 91

John X, Pope, 301

John XI, Pope, 302

John XII, Pope, 302

John XIX, Pope, 302

John Paul II, Pope, 397

John the Baptist, 43, 50, 52, 54, 91

Joseph, 51, 59–61, 90

Joseph of Arimathea, 91

Josephus, 40–45, 49, 56, 65, 80, 106, 154

Jovian, 190

Judas, 60

Judas of Galilee, 42–43

Judea, 34–45, 53, 56, 61, 63

Judge, E. A., 89, 93, 112

Julian the Apostate, 118, 169, 183, 187–90, 193, 194, 195; anti-Christian efforts, 185, 187–90

Jupiter, 14, 17, 18, 29

Justin Martyr, 127

Justinian, 185, 190

kabbalah,
268

Kepler, Johannes, 280, 284, 287

Kim, Hyojoung, 324, 325, 327

Kirsch, Jonathan, 334;
God Against the Gods,
183;
The Grand Inquisitor’s Manual,
335

knightly class, 215; Crusaders, 215–34, 244

Knights Hospitaller, 227

Knights Templar, 227, 230, 233

Lactantius, 190

Laodicea, 159

Latin, 241, 249, 251, 260, 265, 282, 318

Latin America, 5, 134, 353, 387, 396–404; Catholicism, 396–97, 398,
399,
400–403,
403,
404; pluralism, 396–99, 399, 400–403,
403,
404; Protestantism, 397–99,
399,
400

lazy churches, 376–79

Leftist politics, 382–83

Leo V, Pope, 301

Leo VI, Pope, 301

Leo IX, Pope, 305–306

Leo X, Pope, 315, 318, 322, 328

Leviticus, 124

Liberation Theology, 401–402

literacy, 96–100, 249, 326

literature, 249, 251; Inquisition scenes, 334; medieval, 249

Livy, 23, 24

Locke, John, 265, 277

Lollards, 103, 313, 338, 348

Lord’s Prayer, 260, 263, 265, 270

love, 18, 113; magic, 268, 270, 341, 342

Loyola, Ignatius, 316

Lucian of Antioch, 177

Lucius III, Pope, 312

Luke, 36, 50, 52, 53, 54, 55, 60, 66, 76, 77, 90, 91, 99

Luteranos,
347–48

Luther, Martin, 4–5, 101, 103, 256, 263, 265, 272, 313, 315–32, 345, 416;
Ninety-Five Theses,
318;
Reformation,
315–32, 416;
Reformation Treatises,
318; at Worms, 319–20

Lutheranism, 197, 256–58, 261, 263, 265, 316–22, 333, 377, 416; American, 354, 356, 359–60, 371; city governance and, 326–27; Inquisition and, 333, 344, 345, 347–48, 350; monopolies, 320; printers and, 323–24, 326; royal self-interest and, 328–30; spread of, 316–32; universities and, 325–26

Lyons, 139–40

Maccabean Revolt, 37

Machiavelli, Niccolo, 249

MacMullen, Ramsay, 183, 195, 197

Magi, 12, 85

magic, 266, 267–72, 341–44; church, 269–71, 341–44; love and sex, 268, 270, 341, 342; medical, 267, 269, 270, 271, 341; revenge, 268, 270; weather, 267–68, 269, 270, 341

Mameluke army, 226, 227

Mamlūks, 209–210

Manichaeism, 175, 199

Marcionism, 77–78, 175, 179, 199

Marcus Aurelius, 114, 139–40

Mark, 50, 51, 53, 54, 57, 59, 60, 61, 91

Marozia, 301–302

Marranos,
344–47

marriage, 122; bigamy, 348–49; Greco-Roman, 122–23, 127–35; mixed, 78, 133–35; secondary conversions, 133–35

martyrdom, 135, 147–52, 269; credibility and, 151–52; masochism and, 148–49; rewards of, 148–51; Roman persecution of Christians, 147–52

Marx, Karl, 87, 103, 244

Marxism, 321, 401

Mary, 51, 59–61, 82, 90, 258, 409; doctrine of perpetual virginity, 61

Masada, 43, 154

Matthew, 35, 50, 51, 53, 54, 60, 91–92, 105, 112, 119, 128

Maxentius, 170, 171

Mecca, 200

medical magic, 267, 269, 270, 271, 341

Medici family, 322

Medina, 200

mercy, 112–18

Mesopotamia, 181, 199, 201, 209, 210

Messianism, 44–45

Methodism, 101, 356, 360,
361,
362, 411

Mexico, 374, 399, 403

Middle Ages, 4, 79, 186, 219, 235–95, 299–313, 418; capitalism, 244–46; church corruption, 261–63, 300–313, 322; Crusades, 213–34; division of Christianity and challenge of heresy, 299–313; high culture, 248–50; magic, 267–72; moral progress, 247–48; myth of “Dark Ages,” 237–53; peasant religion, 255–72; technology, 241–44

Milan, 161, 300

Milvian Bridge, battle of, 26, 170, 176

miracles, 85

misery, 105–119; Christian mercy and, 112–18; crime and disorder, 110–11; disease, 111–12, 114–18; housing and filth, 108–110; urban, 106–112

mission.
See
conversion

Mithraism, 16, 19, 21, 22, 188

Mitra, 16, 19, 22

modernization, 5, 369, 412; secularization and, 369–70, 374

Mongols, 209–211

monopolies, religious, 303–5, 309, 320, 330, 331, 365, 415, 416

monotheism, 9, 10, 11–12, 15, 81; Jewish, 11, 29, 31, 33, 45, 74, 80–81; pagan, 29–31, 81; Zoroastrian, 11–12

Montanists, 175, 199

Montanus, 175

Montanus, Reginaldus,
A Discovery and Plaine Declaration of Sundry Subtill Practices of the Holy Inquisition of Spain,
334, 336

morality, 247; medieval progress, 247–48

Moriscos,
347

Mormonism, 74–75, 157,
361

Moses, 43, 59, 63, 100, 293–94, 409

Muhammad, 60, 200–204, 217

music, 18; medieval, 241, 248; pagan, 197

Muslims, 4, 84, 153, 185, 199–211, 243, 246, 286–87, 306, 363–64, 384, 389–93, 417; civil war, 203; conquests, 200–204; conversions, 200, 204–7, 208; Crusades, 213–34; destruction of Eastern and North African Christianity, 199–211, 217;
dhimmis
and, 208–209; Inquisition and, 333, 344, 345, 347; Jews and, 200, 207–10; persecution of Christians, 207–11, 217, 230–31

Naples, 174, 281

Nazarenes, 61–62

Nazareth, 37, 51, 53, 54, 90

Nebuchadnezzar, 71–72

Nero, 64, 127, 188; persecution of Christians, 137–39

Nestorians, 200–201, 210

Nestorus, 200

Netherlands, 242, 259, 328, 348, 349, 382

New Age Movement, 88, 102, 197, 373, 417

New Testament, 55, 56, 58, 77, 93, 104, 125, 155, 174, 262, 313, 323, 409

Newton, Isaac, 275, 278, 280, 287

New York, 354, 355; September 11 attacks, 213, 214

Nicaea, 177, 199

Nicene Creed, 178

Nicholas of Cusa, 279

Nicholas II, Pope, 306

Nicomedia, 22, 164, 174

nobility, 220, 376; early privilege, 87–104; medieval, 220, 222, 305, 307, 311

Nock, Arthur Darby, 59, 76, 92, 97

North Africa, 4, 177, 199; Christianity destroyed in, 199–211, 217

Old Testament, 61, 75, 101, 310, 409

organization, 20

Oriental faiths, 13–31, 81, 82, 96, 150, 162; Bacchanalianism, 15, 19, 21, 22, 23–25; congregations, 15, 16, 20–27; Cybelene worship, 15, 19, 21, 22, 26–27, 31, 81, 162; Isiacism, 15–16, 17, 19, 21, 22, 25–26, 28, 81, 162; Judaism, 27–31, 33–45

Origen, 61, 80, 126, 293

Orphics, 100

Orthodox Catholic Church, 169, 174, 388, 389

Ottoman Empire, 233; decline of, 216, 233

Outremer, 226–27

Ovid, 28

Oxford, 250, 281, 336

Padua, 278, 279, 281, 283

paganism, 3, 4, 9–31, 73, 75, 80–84, 96, 117–18, 183–98, 205, 207, 266, 272, 304, 417; assimilation of, 195–97; coexistence, 178–80, 186–87, 191–92; cultural continuity, 82–84; demise of, 4, 183–98; holidays, 196–97; marriage, 127–35; “monotheism,” 29–31, 81; Oriental faiths, 13–31, 81, 150; persecution of Christians, 137–52, 183–92; Roman, 12–14, 16–21, 83, 122–31, 134–35, 140–47, 151, 158, 172, 183–98; sacrifice, 10, 11, 18, 185, 188–90; temples, 9–11, 16, 81, 150, 178–79, 184, 189–92, 196; terminology, 262; women, 122–24, 127, 128, 130–31, 134–35

Palestine, 33–34, 36, 37, 53, 58, 62, 65, 80, 123, 124, 154, 208, 219, 223, 414

Panama, 398, 399, 403

papacy, 219–21, 301; corruption, 261–63, 300–313, 316–32.
See also specific popes

Paris, 103, 241, 242, 250, 279, 281, 338

Passover, 52, 90

Paul, 28, 29, 52, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58–59, 60, 62, 63, 64, 65, 97, 99, 121, 137, 199, 264, 409, 413–14; Diaspora and, 75–77; mission efforts, 65–70, 71, 75–77, 84, 158–59, 161; privilege and, 88–96; women and, 125–26, 129, 134

peasantry, 255–72, 321; medieval religion, 255–72

Peasants’ War, 320

Pentacostalism, 134, 378, 397, 398, 402

perfecti,
310–12

persecution, 3–4, 137–52, 309–310; commitment and, 137–52; Constantine and, 175–78, 180–81; Crusades and, 228–32; by Decius and Valerian, 141–44, 147; early, 61–65, 137–52; early church in Jerusalem, 61–65; episodic, 138–40; Great Persecution, 144–47, 164, 171, 176; of heretics, 309–313; imperial, 140–41; Inquisition, 333–50; of Jews, 27–29, 34, 37, 42, 61–63, 140, 200, 207, 333, 344–47; Jewish persecution of early Christians, 62–65; martyrdom and, 147–52; Muslim persecution of Christians, 207–11, 217, 230–31; Persian massacres, 180–81; persistence and, 189–92; Roman persecution of Christians, 137–52, 183–95

Perseus, 82

Persia, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 18, 38, 58, 72, 144, 170, 175, 199, 201, 206, 267; Christians persecuted in, 180–81

Peter, 53, 54, 57, 64, 91, 134, 137, 155

1 Peter, 134

Petrarch, 237

Pfaff, Steven, 324, 325, 327

Pharisees, 35, 40–42, 51, 52, 63, 65, 92

Philippians, 93, 94

Philo of Alexandria, 56, 73, 123