The Triumph of Christianity (69 page)

Pilate, Pontius, 34, 50, 54, 56

pilgrims and pilgrimages, 216–21; crusaders’ brutalization of, 218–21; to Jerusalem, 218, 222–24

Pisa, 227, 281, 290

plagues, 114–18, 139

Plato, 12, 30, 100, 132, 247, 251, 284;
Republic,
132

Pliny the Elder, 267

Pliny the Younger, 19, 22, 95, 108, 126, 138–39, 150

pluralism, 38, 180, 410–12, 418; American piety and, 353–67, 370–73; colonial, 354–56,
356,
357; globalization and, 410–12; Jewish, 38–43, 63; Latin American, 396–99,
399,
400–403,
403,
404; misconceived, 357–60; religious civility and, 365–67

Plutarch, 30, 127, 128

Poland, 278, 374

Polycarp, Bishop, 149

polytheism, 29, 39, 81, 84, 183

Pompeii, 16

Pompey, 34, 37

Portugal, 328

poverty, 87–88, 105–108; medieval religion and, 255–72

Prague, 281, 313

Presbyterians, 356,
361,
371, 411

priests, 13–14, 35, 56; American, 356–57, 363–64; Constantine and, 174–75; corruption and ignorance, 260–66, 300–313, 316–32; hereditary, 39–40; Jewish, 39–40, 43; medieval, 255, 260–72, 299–313, 322, 376; pagan, 9–11, 12, 27, 29; Roman, 13–14

printing, 323–24, 326

privilege, 87–104; clergy and, 300–303, 311; insufficiencies and opportunities of, 101–4; literacy, 96–100; medieval, 300–312; Paul and, 88–96; religious innovation and, 100–101

Procopius, 190

property ownership, 246, 322; church, 322–23, 329–30

prostitution, 28, 131, 178; clergy and, 261–62, 302, 306

Protestantism, 214, 215, 244, 288, 331, 377, 378, 379, 381, 387, 388, 389, 411; in Africa, 394–96,
394–95;
American, 355, 356, 360,
361,
363; Inquisition and, 333, 344, 345, 347–48, 350; Latin American, 397–99,
399,
400; medieval, 255, 263, 265; Reformation, 315–32, 416; royal self-interest and, 328–30

Ptolemy, 280, 290

Ptolemy I, 16, 37

purgatory, 317

Puritanism, 353, 354–57

Pythagoreans, 100

Q, 99

Quakers, 354, 356, 361, 378

Quintilian, 127

Qumran, 42, 44, 98

Qur’an, 201, 207, 286

Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse, 226

reform, 305–307, 322–23, 416; discontent and, 322–23; medieval, 305–13; piety and, 305–7; Reformations, 315–32, 416

Reformation, 5, 101, 237, 238, 244, 263, 265, 289, 315–22, 345, 416; city governance and, 326–27; explaining the, 320–21; pamphlets and printers, 323–24; royal self-interest and, 328–30; universities and, 325–26

Renaissance, 237, 238, 239, 241, 249, 251, 252; myth of, 251

Resurrection, 49, 85, 218

revenge magic, 268, 270

Robert of Arbrissel, 307

Roman Catholic Church, 101, 169, 174, 184, 299, 331, 336, 360,
361,
362, 377, 381, 387, 396, 411; medieval, 299–313, 322, 376

Romans, 56, 67, 94, 125

Roman Senate, 23, 24, 25, 26, 95, 132, 141, 142

Rome and Roman Empire, 3, 4, 31, 55, 65, 89, 93, 121, 217, 249, 261, 262, 271, 282, 301, 316, 318–20, 375, 417; anti-Semitism, 27–29, 42, 43, 62–63; Christianization of, 31, 49–165, 171–72, 184–85, 192; churches, 173, 174; demise of, 141, 145, 237–41, 252; Jews, 13, 27–31, 33, 37, 41–45, 56, 58, 62–65, 72, 77, 158; marriage, sex, and fertility, 122–23, 127–33; misery and disease, 106–112, 114–18; model of Christian growth, 156–59; Oriental faiths, 13–31, 81; pagan, 12–14, 16–21, 83, 122–31, 134–35, 140–47, 151, 158, 172, 183–98; papal corruption, 300–302; persecution of Christians, 137–52, 183–92; privilege, 95–96; religions, 12–14, 16–31; temples, 13, 14, 16–17, 27, 29; women, 121–36, 417

Rousseau, Jean Jacques, 237

Runciman, Sir Steven, 218, 228

Russell, Bertrand, 238, 275, 285

Russia, 291, 374–75, 384

sacrifice, 10, 11, 18, 185, 190; blood 188–89, 190

Sadducees, 35, 40–41, 42, 43

Saladin, Ayyubid Sultab, 229–30

Salome, 60

salvation, 19

Samaria, 36, 63

Samaritans, 33, 36, 50–51

Sanhedrin, 56, 60, 63, 65

sanitation, 108–110

Saracens, 229

Satan, 11, 271–72, 339

Scandinavia, 331, 370, 376, 377, 378–81; secularization and, 376–82

Scholastics, 250, 251, 277, 278, 281–84; empiricism, 283–84

science, 250, 273–95, 418; Copernicus and, 278–81; definition of, 275–77; empiricism, 283–84; Enlightenment, 252, 254; Galileo and, 288–92; god of reason and, 284–88; medieval, 241, 250, 273–95; modern, 369; “revolution,” 273–95, 331; Scholastics and, 277–84; theology and, 273–95

Scotland, 256

Scott, Sir Walter, 233

scriptures, 19, 20, 409–410

Sea of Galilee, 53, 80

secondary conversions, 133–35

Second Revolt, 65

sects, 38–39, 100; Jewish, 38–43; transformation of, 39

secularization, 369–85; American “exception,” 370–73; believing non-belongers, 381–82; “enlightened” churches and, 379–81; European “exception,” 375–85; lazy churches and, 376–79; Leftist politics, 382–83; thesis, 369–85; world religiousness and, 373–75

Seleucid Empire, 37

Seljuk Turks, 218–19

Seneca, Lucius Annaeus, 27–28

Sepphoris, 37, 53, 106

September 11 attacks, 213, 214

Septimus Severus, 140

Septuagint, 72, 93, 97, 98

Sergius II, Pope, 301, 302

sex, 129–33, 266; clergy and, 261, 264, 302, 306, 319, 348; colonial America, 353; Greco-Roman, 129–33; Inquisition and, 333, 348–50; magic, 268, 270; ratios, 129–33

Shāpūr II, 180–81

ships, sailing, 244, 253

Sibylline Books, 26–27

Sicarii, 43

Sicily, 203, 204, 217

Siena, 256, 261

Silverius, Pope, 300

Simon, 53, 60, 91

simony, 300–301, 306, 309

Sixtus, Pope, 144

Sixtus IV, Pope, 317

slavery, 13, 87, 88, 146; Christianization of, 247; medieval, 241, 247–48; trade, 247

Smith, Adam, 303–304, 355, 366;
The Wealth of Nations,
367

Smyrna, 149

socialism, 87–88

sodomy, 349

solicitation, 348

Sol Invictus, 17

Sophocles, 251

Sordi, Marta, 95, 135, 138

Spain, 5, 204, 217, 377, 383, 403; Inquisition, 5, 272, 333–50, 418; Jews, 344–47; medieval, 258, 262, 281; Muslim, 223–24, 3–6, 344, 347; royal self-interest, 328

Spanish Inquisition.
See
Inquisition

statistics, on ancient Christianity, 153–58,
156–57,
159, 161–63,
163,
164–65

Stephen, 63

Stephen VII, Pope, 301

Stephen IX, Pope, 306

Strauss, Gerald, 256–57, 266

Suetonius, Paulinus, 28, 59

Sumer, 14

supernatural, 267–72, 369

Sweden, 329, 377, 380–81, 384

Switzerland, 268, 313, 377

synagogues, 41–42, 62, 72, 78–80

Syria, 58, 65, 188, 199, 201, 202, 206, 209, 210, 217

Tacitus, 28, 49, 95, 127, 137

Talmud, 40, 124

Tamerland, 210–11

Taoism, 100, 389

taxes, 42, 91, 141, 142, 191, 205, 210, 221, 320, 322, 323, 327, 328, 378

technology, 241; medieval, 241–44

temples, 13, 115; Jerusalem, 28, 34, 35, 36, 38–45, 51, 61–62, 65; pagan, 9–11, 16, 81, 150, 178–79, 184, 189–92, 196; Roman, 13, 14, 16–17, 27, 29; Samaritan, 36

Ten Commandments, 258, 259, 260, 265, 414

Tertullian, 60–61, 83, 95, 113, 199

Theodosius, 190, 192, 193

Thessalonica, 55, 93, 106

Thomas, Keith, 257, 264

Three Self Patriotic Movement (TSPM), 405–406

Thucydides, 115

Tiberias, 37, 53

Tiberius, 26, 28, 50

1 Timothy, 94

2 Timothy, 99

Titus, 45, 65, 106

Tocqueville, Alexis de, 354, 370

Torah, 72, 73, 124, 293

Torquemada, Tomás de, 333–35

trade, 227–28, 241, 320

Trajan, 22, 95, 126, 132, 150; persecution of Christians, 138–39

Trinity, 270

Tripoli, 226; County of, 224, 225, 226

Turkey, 204

Turks, 232

Umar, Caliph, 202

Unitarians, 360, 361

universities, 249–50, 277; Chinese, 407; medieval, 249–50, 277, 278, 279, 281–84; Reformation and, 316, 318, 325–26, 331; Scholastic, 277–84

urbanization, 320, 321

Urban II, Pope, 219–21, 232, 306, 307

Urban VIII, Pope, 289

Uruguay, 399, 400, 403

Valens, 190, 193

Valentinian, 190, 193

Valentinians, 175, 179

Valerian, 144

Venezuela, 399–400, 403

Vesalius, Andreas, 283–84

Vespasian, 28

Vestal Virgins, 20

Victor II, Pope, 306

Vienna, 281, 283

Virgin Birth, 85

Vitalis of Mortain, 307

Voltaire, 183–84, 207, 214, 237, 240, 248, 249, 252, 274, 288, 369

Waldensians, 101, 103, 312–13

Wars of Religion, 101, 327

water, 108–110; mills, 242

weaponry, 243–44

weather, 266; magic, 267–69, 270, 341

Weber, Max, 244, 369, 370–71

White, Andrew Dickson, 273–74, 275, 283

Whitehead, Alfred North, 284–85

Wilhelm, Kaiser, 229, 230

William of Ockham, 278

Wilson, Bryan, 359, 371

windmills, 242

witchcraft, 271–72; Inquisition and, 333, 340–44

Wittenberg, 316–32

women, 20, 83, 121–36; in early Christianity, 121–36, 140, 417; health problems, 112; infanticide, 123, 126–27, 130, 131; Jewish, 80, 122–24, 128; marriage and divorce, 122–23, 127–35; in Oriental religions, 20; pagan, 122–24, 127, 128, 130–31, 134–35; prostitution, 28, 131, 178, 261–62, 302, 306; role in early church, 125–26; secondary conversions, 133–35; sexuality and fertility, 112, 129–33

Woolston, Thomas, 369

World War I, 230, 233

World War II, 233