The Triumph of Christianity (66 page)

33
. Dolan 1975; 1978; Finke and Stark 1992.

34
. Sisci 2009.

35
. Stark and Liu 2011.

36
. Stark 2004, chap. 4.

37
. Underhill 1911.

38
. Stark 1965b; 2008.

39
. Great-grandfather of my colleague and sometime coauthor William Sims Bainbridge.

40
. Bainbridge 1882, 270–72.

41
. Hutchison 1987, 147.

42
. Quoted in Aikman 2003, 5.

43
. Stark 2005.

Index

The pagination of this electronic edition does not match the edition from which it was created. To locate a specific passage, please use the search feature of your e-book reader.

Page numbers in
italics
refer to illustrations.

Abdulhamid II, Sultan, 233

abortion, 112; Greco-Roman, 123, 131–32, 417

Acts, 28, 55–56, 58, 60, 63, 64, 69, 70, 77, 91, 92, 155, 413, 414

Africa, 4, 5, 176, 199, 384, 411; Christian, 393–96,
394–95;
Christianity destroyed in, 199–211

agriculture, 253; medieval, 241–43, 265

Albertus Magnus, Saint, 245, 281

alchemy, 268, 284

Alexander II, Pope, 223, 306

Alexander IV, Pope, 309

Alexander VI, Pope, 261

Alexander the Great, 16, 33, 37, 83, 231

Alexandria, 115, 117, 140, 143, 147, 177, 196, 202–203, 217, 241

al-Hakim, Caliph, 217–18

Allah, 84, 209, 218, 286–87

Ambrose, St., 300–301

America, 5, 74, 102, 135, 233, 353–67, 387, 404, 410–11; colonial, 353–56,
356,
357; growing and declining denominations,
361,
359–63; mystical, 364–65; pluralism and piety, 353–67, 370–73; Revolution, 353, 355; secularization, 370–73; successful religious “firms,” 359–64

Anabaptists, 100, 320, 348, 416

Ananus, 64–65

Anastasius, Pope, 300

Andrew, 53, 91

Anglicans, 263, 354, 355, 356, 377

Anselm, Saint, 248

Antioch, 66, 94, 107, 143, 149, 159, 174, 224, 225, 230–31; massacre of, 230–31; Princedom of, 224, 225,
225,
226

Antiochus IV Epiphanes, 37

apostles, 91, 172

Aquinas, Thomas, 245, 281, 293

Arabia, 199, 200–207

Arcadius, 190, 191, 194

architecture, 248; Gothic, 249, 250; Romanesque, 248–49

Arianism, 177–78, 179, 190

Aristotle, 132, 247, 251, 277, 286;
Politics,
132

Arius, 177–78

Armenia, 199, 201, 209, 210

Armstrong, Karen, 216, 231, 232

art, 248; medieval, 241, 248–49, 259–60; Renaissance, 251

Ascension, 60, 85

Asia, 4, 5, 65, 285

Assyrians, 36

astrology, 253, 267, 268, 284, 373

astronomy, 273–74, 278–80, 284, 289–90, 294

Athens, 69, 106, 115, 159; Academy, 185

Augustine, St., 153, 177, 187, 197, 199, 245, 292;
Confessions,
408

Augustus, 21–22, 26, 132

Austria, 328, 377

auto-de-fe,
333, 337–38

Babylon, 11, 33, 36, 39, 41, 71–72, 128

Bacchanalianism, 15, 19, 21, 22, 23–25; suppression of, 23–25

Bacchus, 15, 19, 23–25

Bagnall, Roger, 111, 158

Bailey, Cyril, 30, 83

Baldwin of Boulogne, 224

banking, 244–46, 331

baptism, 19, 50, 52, 54, 170, 304

Baptists, 356, 360,
361,
371, 378, 400

Bar Kokhba, 65

Bar-Kokhba Revolt, 77

Barnabas, 67

Baroque, 239

Base Communities, 401

Basel, 325, 326

Bathilda, St., 247

Baybars, Sultan of Egypt, 226, 230–31

Bede, Venerable, 196, 260

Belgium, 242, 378

Benedict IX, Pope, 302

Berbers, 203, 204

Berger, Peter, 357–59, 369–70, 373, 375, 383

Bernardino, St., 256, 261

Bernard of Tiron, 307

bestiality, 349–50

Bethlehem, 12, 35, 174

Bible, 58, 292, 409–410; historical reliability of Gospels, 54–57; Lutheran, 323–24.
See also
specific books

bigamy, 348–49

Bohemond of Taranto, 225–26

book burning, 350

Bologna, 250, 260, 278, 281, 283

bourgeoisie, 320, 321, 326–27

Boyle, Robert, 287, 340

Brazil, 399, 400, 403

bridges, 242

Brown, Peter, 126, 184, 187, 198

Brown, Roger, 191, 195

Bruce, Steve, 357, 358

Buchanan, George Wesley, 90, 92

Buddha, 100, 102

Buddhism, 88, 100, 375, 387, 390, 391

Burckhardt, Jacob, 169–70, 184

Byzantines, 173, 201–203, 217, 219

Caesar, Julius, 34, 41, 132

Caesarea Maritima, 217

Caiaphas, 56, 63

Cairo, 209, 217

calendar, 186–87

Caligula, 26

Calvin, John, 103, 293, 294, 416

Calvinism, 101, 331, 338, 347, 348

Cambridge, 250, 281, 336

Canonists, 245

Capernaum, 53–54, 79, 90

capitalism, 244, 320, 331; inventing, 244–46

Carcopino, Jerome, 109, 110

Carthage, 143, 144, 161, 176, 203

Cassius, Dio, 127, 130

castration, 27

Cathars, 100, 310–12

Catholic Charismatic Renewal (CCR), 402–404

Catholicism, 4, 101, 169, 207, 377, 387, 388, 389, 341; in Africa, 394–96,
394–95;
American, 356, 358, 360,
361,
362–63; corruption and ignorance, 260–66, 300–313, 316–22; Counter-Reformation, 263, 289, 290, 300, 330–31, 416; Crusades, 213–34; division of, and challenge of heresy, 299–313; encapsulation, 307–308; Inquisition, 333–50; Latin American, 396–97, 398, 399, 400–403,
403,
404; Luther’s Reformation and, 315–22, 416; medieval, 255–72, 288, 299–313, 322, 376; monopolies, 303–305, 309, 320, 331; reforms, 305–313, 316–32, 416; royal self-interest and, 328–29.
See also
Roman Catholic Church

Cervantes, Miguel, 249

Chadwick, Henry, 121, 129

charity, 112–14

Charlemagne, 247

Chaucer, Geoffrey, 249

Chile, 399, 403

China, 65, 73, 100, 199, 244, 249, 286, 374, 375, 384, 389–90; Christians in, 405–407

Christianity, 3–5, 49; African, 393–96,
394–95;
assessment of growth, 153–59,
156–57,
158–63,
159, 163,
164–65; in China, 405–407; consolidating Christian Europe, 167–234; Constantine and, 169–81, 184–87, 299, 300, 303, 304, 375–76, 414–15; conversion, 65–70, 71–85, 344–48; Crusades, 213–34; destroyed in North Africa and Asia, 199–211, 217; division of, 297–350; early spread of, 31, 49–165, 262, 413–14, 416–17; in the East, 161, 169, 176, 199–211, 217; geography of growth, 158–59,
160,
161–62; globalization and, 387–412; Holy Family, 59–61; Jesus and the Jesus Movement, 49–70; Judaism and, 50, 52, 57, 98, 366, 413–14; in Latin America, 396–404; literacy and, 96–100; medieval, 235–95; misery and, 105–119; model of growth, 156–59; new worlds and Christian growth, 351–418; peasantry and, 255–72; pluralism and American piety, 353–67, 370–73; privilege and, 87–104; reasons for growth of, 408–12; Reformations, 315–32, 416; regional distributions of, 392,
392,
393; rise of science and, 273–95; Roman Empire, 31, 49–165, 171–72, 184–85, 192; secularization and, 369–85; women and, 121–36.
See also
specific religions

Christian III, King of Denmark, 329

Chrysostom, John, 78

churches, 173, 217; built by Constantinople, 172–75, 217–18; corruption, 261–63, 300–313, 316–32; “enlightened,” 379–81; lazy, 376–79; magic, 269–71, 341–44; medieval, 255–72, 299–313; pluralism and American piety, 353–67, 370–73; reforms, 305–313, 316–32; royal self-interest and, 328–30; rural neglect, 262–63; secularization and, 369–85.
See also
specific churches and religions

Church of England, 101, 377

Church of Piety, 299, 303, 305–307, 316, 322, 330

Church of Power, 299–309

Church of the Holy Sepulcher, 174, 217–18

Cicero, 130, 132

circumcision, 37, 80

cities, 106–112; ancient misery in, 106–112; Christian growth, 158–59,
160,
161–64; crime and disorder, 110–11; disease, 111–12, 114–18; filth, 108–110; Free Imperial, 327, 329; housing, 108; port, 162; Reformation and, 326–27; size and density, 106–107.
See also specific cities

civility, religious, 365–67

Claudius, 28, 56, 94, 127

Clement of Alexandria, 60, 126

Clement III, Pope, 309

clergy, 174; American, 356–57, 363–64; Church of Power, 300–309; corruption and ignorance, 260–66, 300–313, 316–32; elevated by Constantine, 174–75, 300, 303, 304; inappropriate expectations, 263–66; medieval, 255, 260–72, 299–313, 322, 376; monopoly and, 303–305; reforms, 305–313, 316–32, 416; sex and, 261, 264, 302, 306, 319, 348

Clovis II, 247

Code of Justinian, 185

Cologne, 281, 310, 311, 325, 326

colonialism: European, 213, 215–16, 233–34, 393; Muslim, 199–211, 217

Columbus, Christopher, 243, 273–74, 387

Commodus, 96

Communism, 87–88, 389, 407

Confucianism, 73, 100, 389

Congregationalists, 355, 356, 360,
361,
411

congregations, 15, 20, 159; fears of, 21–22; Oriental faiths, 15, 16, 20–27

Constantine, 3, 21, 26, 165, 169–81, 183, 193, 194, 198, 299, 355; Christianity and, 169–81, 184–87, 299, 300, 303, 304, 375–76, 414–15; church-building program, 172–75, 217–18; Donatist controversy and, 176–77; paganism and, 178–80, 191–92; persecution and, 175–78, 180–81

Constantinople, 173, 174, 218, 219; fall of, 200

Constantius, 192, 193, 194

conversion, 65–70, 71–85, 118, 119, 140, 155, 157, 196, 265, 304, 344–48, 387–88, 410–12; of Constantine, 169–81, 375–76, 414–15; Crusades and, 213, 228; cultural continuity, 74–75; early, 65–70, 71–85; failure of, 77–80; Gentiles, 71, 76, 79, 80–85; globalization and, 410–12; Inquisition and, 344–48; to Islam, 200, 204–207, 208; Jews, 65–70, 71–85, 344–47; Paul’s efforts, 65–70, 71, 75–77, 84, 158–59, 161; secondary, 133–35

conversos,
345–46

Copernicus, Nicolaus, 250, 275, 278–81, 284, 287;
On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres,
280

Coptic Christians, 202, 205, 209

Corinth, 28, 55–56, 66, 77, 93, 94, 106, 125, 159

1 Corinthians, 60, 62, 89–90, 125, 129, 134, 264

corruption, 261; clergy, 261–66, 300–313, 316–22

Council of Trent, 330

Counter-Reformation, 263, 289, 290, 300, 330–31, 416

creation, 285–88, 292

credibility, 151; martyrdom and, 151–52

crime and disorder, 110–11

Crucifixion, 49, 57, 59, 82, 85, 413

Crusades, 4, 154, 209, 213–34, 244, 306, 307, 417; economic aspects of, 215, 216, 221–22; Kingdoms, 224–25, 225, 226–28; motives of, 215–16, 221–24; myth of, 216, 233–34; rediscovering, 232–34; “war crimes,” 228–32