The Triumph of Christianity (67 page)

crypto-Jews, 344–47

cult of saints, 149

cultural continuity, 74–75; pagan, 82–84

Cumont, Franz, 18–20, 26

Cybele, 15, 17, 19, 26–27, 31, 81, 162

Cybelene worship, 15, 19, 21, 22, 26–27, 31, 81

Cyprian, 113, 116, 143, 144, 199

Cyrus the Great, 12, 72

Damascus, 58, 68, 84, 161, 217, 229

Dante, 249

Dark Ages, 214, 237–50, 340, 418; capitalism, 244–46; high culture, 248–50; moral progress, 247–48; myth of, 237–53; peasant religion, 255–72

Darwin, Charles, 276

Da Vinci, Leonardo, 249

Dawkins, Richard, 275, 294

Dead Sea Scrolls, 42

Decius, Gaius Messius, 141–44, 145; persecution of Christians, 141–44, 147

Deissman, Adolf, 96–98

Denmark, 329, 379–80

deprivation theory, 88

Descartes, René, 285

Deuteronomy, 123

dhimmis,
208–209

Diasporan Jews, 33, 62, 71–85, 162, 345, 417; conversion among, 71–85; Paul and, 75–77; women, 123–24

Diderot, Denis, 215, 252, 382

Diocletian, 144–46, 164, 188

Dionysius, 115, 117, 143

Dionysus, 15, 24, 82

disease, 105, 106, 111–12, 114–18; plagues, 114–18, 139

divine accommodation, 83, 292–94

divorce, 122–23, 128–29, 348

Dodd, C. H., 92, 198

Dominicans, 256, 308

Domitian, 28, 138, 139

Donatists, 176–77, 179, 306

Donatus, 176–77

d’Oresme, Nicole, 279, 285

Drake, H. A., 184, 188, 189

Druids, 16

Eastern Christianity, 161, 169, 176, 199–211, 217; destruction of, 199–211, 217;
dhimmis,
208–209.
See also
specific countries

economy, 244, 320, 383, 384; emergence of capitalism, 244–46, 320, 331

ecstasy, 18

Edessa, County of, 224, 225

Egypt, 12, 13, 14, 15–16, 18, 29, 37, 38, 72, 133, 142, 202–203, 226, 232; Christians persecuted in, 202–209, 217

Einstein, Albert, 287, 291

empiricism, 283; Scholastic, 283–84

Engels, Friedrich, 87

England, 102, 103, 176, 196, 229, 233, 348, 377, 387; anti-Catholicism, 336, 337; colonialism, 233; Leftism, 382; medieval, 242, 256, 258, 259, 260, 263, 263, 281, 311; royal self-interest, 329; sodomy, 349; witch hunts, 340

Enlightenment, 183, 214, 229, 238, 240, 249, 250, 252–53, 274, 340; myth of secular, 252–53

Ephesus, 66, 94

Episcopalians, 360, 361, 411

Erasmus, Desiderius, 262, 316

Erastus, 55–56

Essenes, 40, 42, 57, 101

Euclid, 251

Europe, 4, 5, 167–234, 354, 370; colonialism, 213, 215–16, 233–34, 393; consolidating Christian, 167–234; Crusades, 213–34; “Dark Ages,” 237–50; “enlightened” churches, 379–81; fertility rates, 384–85; Inquisition, 333–50; lazy churches, 376–79; Leftist politics, 382–83; Reformations, 315–32, 416; secularization and, 375–85.
See also
specific countries

Eusebius, 65, 144, 178, 187, 301;
Life of Constantine,
173–74, 175;
The Martyrs of Palestine,
146–47, 152

evil, 11, 12

Exodus, 72, 124, 293

Ezekiel, 102–103

Fabian, Pope, 143

Fabians, 102

Ferdinand and Isabella, 328, 333, 346

fertility, 80, 157, 384–85; Greco-Roman, 129–33

feudalism, demise of, 320

First Crusade, 154, 213, 217, 222, 226, 306, 307

Flagellants, 313

Florence, 238, 252, 281

Fox, John, 180, 334

France, 103, 154, 217, 219, 322, 328, 348, 349, 374, 377; Calvinism, 338; colonialism, 233; Leftism, 382–83; medieval, 242, 261, 281, 311–12; Revolution, 382; royal self-interest, 328; War of Religion, 101

Francis, St., 307–308, 312

Franciscans, 228, 308

Francis I, King of France, 328

Franks, 217, 232, 243, 247

Fraticelli, 313

Free Imperial Cities, 327, 329

Frend, W. H. C., 76–77, 146, 180

Fulcher of Chartres, 154

Fulk III, Count of Anjou, 223

Galatians, 76, 199, 413

Galen, 114, 118, 151

Galerius, 145, 146

Galilee, 34, 36, 37, 50, 52, 53, 58, 106, 155, 158

Galileo Galilei, 288–92;
Assayer,
289;
Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems,
290–91

Gallienus, 139, 144, 145

Gamaliel, 52, 92

gender, 20, 124–25; sex ratios and fertility, 129–33; women in early Christianity, 121–36

Genesis, 292–93, 294

Geneva Convention, 232

Gentiles, 64, 413–14; conversion, 71, 76, 79, 80–85

geography, of Christian growth, 158–59,
160,
161–62

Germany, 229, 377, 378; Holy Roman Emperors, 301, 327; Lutheran, 256–59, 261, 263, 265, 316–32; medieval, 256–59, 261, 265, 281, 301, 310–12

Gibbon, Edward, 183–84, 188, 192, 207, 215, 237–38, 240, 248, 252, 274;
The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire,
249

gladiatorial combat, 191–92

globalization, 373–75, 387–412, 418; active religious affiliations, 391,
391,
392; African Christians, 393–96,
394–95;
Chinese Christians, 405–407; faiths on Earth, 388–93,
390–92;
growth of Christianity and, 408–412; Latin American Christians, 396–99,
399,
400–403,
403,
404; modernity and, 412; nominal religious affiliations, 390,
390,
391; pluralism and, 410–12; regional distribution of Christians, 392,
392,
393

Gnostics, 78, 175, 179, 310

Godfrey of Bouillon, 214, 216, 226

Gospels, 50, 53–57, 62, 91, 165, 408, 409–410; early literacy and, 96–100; historical reliability of, 54–57.
See also
specific books

Gothic, 239, 249

Goths, 144, 249

Graecina, Pomponia, 95, 135

Gratian, 193

Great Persecution, 144–47, 164, 171, 176

Great Revolt, 42, 43, 65, 70, 77, 199

Greece, 12, 14, 15, 16, 24, 25, 37–38, 53, 72, 97, 100, 185, 203, 249, 251, 271, 277, 278, 286; cities, 162, 247; Jews, 36–38, 72–74, 75, 76, 80–81; women, 122–23

Greeley, Andrew, 135, 375

Gregory of Nyssa, Saint, 83

Gregory VII, Pope, 306

Gregory IX, Pope, 309

Gregory the Great, Pope, 196

Guatemala, 398, 399, 403

guilds, 326

Gustavus I, King of Sweden, 329

Hadrian, 173

Haiti, 398–99, 403

Hannibal, 27

Harnack, Adolf von, 80, 89, 94, 96, 121, 134, 153, 161

heavy cavalry, 243, 320

Hebrew, 72, 345

Helena, 171, 173

Helen of Troy, 82

hell, 317

Hellenism, 183; cities, 162; Jews, 36–38, 66, 75–79, 80–81; women, 122–23

Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor, 305

Henry VIII, King of England, 329, 331, 338, 349, 416

heresy, 228, 304–313, 316, 333; Inquisition and, 344–48, 349; Luther and, 315–32

Hermisdas, Pope, 300

Herod, King, 34–36, 38, 42, 51

Herod Agrippa, King, 64

Hesiod, 82

Hildegard of Bingen, St., 268

Hinduism, 74–75, 390, 391

Hippo, 187

Hobbes, Thomas, 365;
Leviathan,
340

Hodgson, Marshall, 204, 208

Holy Family, 51, 59–61

Holy Roman Empire, 301, 327, 328

homosexuality, 27, 333, 349

Honduras, 398, 399, 403

Honorius, 191, 194

Honorius III, Pope, 308

Huguenots, 348

human dissection, 283

Humbert of Romans, 256, 261

Hume, David, 215, 252, 365, 366

Humiliati, 313

Hus, Jan, 103, 313, 315

Iceland, 196, 218

Iconium, 159

idolatry, 11, 13

Ignatius, Bishop, 94–95, 113, 149

immortal soul, 41

India, 199, 201, 374

individualism, 18–19

indulgences, sale of, 317–20, 322

industrialization, 320

infanticide, 123, 126–27, 130, 131

Innocent III, Pope, 308, 309, 311

Inquisition, 5, 272, 288, 291, 333–50, 418; “Black Legend,” 335–36; book burning, 350; deaths, 337–38; exaggeration of, 334–50; heresy and, 344–48; Jews and, 333, 344–47; Lutherans and, 333, 344, 345, 347–48, 350; Muslims and, 333, 344, 345, 347; sexuality and, 348–50; torture, 339; witchcraft, 333, 340–44

Iran, 11, 201, 206, 207, 210

Iraq, 201, 206

Irenaeus, 293

Irving, Washington,
The Legend of Sleepy Hollow,
274

Isaiah, 99

Isiacism, 15–16, 17, 19, 21, 22, 25–26, 28, 81

Isis, 15–16, 17, 19, 25–26, 28, 29–30, 81, 162, 196

Islam, 4, 84, 199–211, 224, 286–87, 363–64, 377, 408, 417; Crusades and, 213–34; conversion to, 200, 204–207, 208; destruction of Eastern and North African Christianity, 199–211, 217.
See also
Muslims

Israel, 3, 11, 36, 199, 224, 234; ancient, 39–45, 61, 71–72; creation of state of, 233

Italy, 4, 174, 203, 204, 217, 227, 322, 328, 349, 377, 384; city-states, 245, 251; medieval, 245, 256, 260–62, 281, 283; Renaissance, 238, 251, 288–92

Jairus, 91

James, 49, 52, 60, 64–65, 66, 70, 91, 112, 414

Jehovah, 84

Jehovah’s Witness, 135, 157,
361,
362

Jenkins, Philip, 211, 393

Jeremiah, 102–103

Jerome, St., 301

Jerusalem, 29, 34, 37, 39–45, 52, 53, 66, 76, 92, 106, 121, 143, 154, 161, 413–14; Council of, 413–14; crusader conquest of, 214, 224, 226–30; early persecuted church in, 61–65; Great Revolt, 42, 43, 65, 70, 77; Jesus Movement, 57–65; Kingdom of, 224,
225,
226, 227; Muslim control of, 217–19, 230; pilgrimages to, 218, 222–24; Temple, 28, 34, 35, 36, 38–45, 51, 61–62, 65

Jesus, 3, 28, 35, 45, 49–70, 83–84, 112, 128, 154–55, 158, 177, 293, 308, 409; Ascension, 60, 85; 49, 57, 59, 82, 85, 413; historic, 49–50, 54–57, 90; Holy Family and, 59–61; Judaism and, 50, 52, 57, 98, 366, 413–14; life of, 50–54; literacy and, 96–100; privilege and, 88–100; reliability of Gospels and, 54–57; Resurrection, 49, 85, 215; women and, 124–25