The War That Ended Peace: The Road to 1914 (119 page)

19 The End of the Concert of Europe: Austria-Hungary Declares War on Serbia

1
. MacKenzie and MacKenzie,
The Diary of Beatrice Webb
, vol. III, 203–5.
2
. Kessler,
Journey to the Abyss
, 631–40.
3
. Mombauer, ‘A Reluctant Military Leader?’, 422.
4
. Lieven,
Nicholas II
, 198.
5
. Bestuzhev, ‘Russian Foreign Policy February–June 1914’, 100–101.
6
. Lieven,
Russia and the Origins
, 49.
7
. Rogger, ‘Russia in 1914’, 98–9.
8
. Shukman,
Rasputin
, 58.
9
. Bridge, ‘The British Declaration of War’, 403–4.
10
. Brock and Brock,
H. H. Asquith
, 93, 122–3.
11
. Rose,
King George V
, 157–8.
12
. Hazlehurst,
Politicians at War
, 31.
13
. Messimy,
Mes Souvenirs
, 126–7.
14
. Cronin,
Paris on the Eve
, 427–9.
15
. Afflerbach, ‘The Topos of Improbable War’, 179.
16
. Doughty, ‘France’, 149.
17
. Schmidt,
Frankreichs Aussenpolitik
, 271–2, 278–83.
18
. Ibid., 265–8.
19
. Goldberg,
Life of Jean Jaurès
, 460.
20
. Poincaré,
Au Service de la France
, 224–6, 230.
21
. Krumeich,
Armaments and Politics
, 217; Schmidt,
Frankreichs Aussenpolitik
, 283.
22
. Figes,
A People’s Tragedy
, 232; Ignat’ev,
50 Let v Stroyu
, 423.
23
. Poincaré,
Au Service de la France
, 259, 269–70; Krumeich,
Armaments and Politics
, 291n153.
24
. Poincaré,
Au Service de la France
, 246–7.
25
. BD, vol. IX, 101, pp. 80–82.
26
. Ibid., 253–5; Williamson,
Austria-Hungary
, 203.
27
. Schmidt,
Frankreichs Aussenpolitik
, 78.
28
. Hoetzsch,
Die internationalen Beziehungen
, vol. IV, 128.
29
. Bridge,
How the War Began
, 27.
30
. Lieven,
Nicholas II
, 201; Lieven,
Russia and the Origins
, 108–9.
31
. Turner, ‘The Russian Mobilization’, 74.
32
. Ibid., 78.
33
. Hayne,
French Foreign Office
, 116–21; Schmidt,
Frankreichs Aussenpolitik
, 227–8; Cairns, ‘International Politics’, 285.
34
. BD, vol. IX, 101, pp. 80–2.
35
. Turner, ‘The Russian Mobilization’, 81, 83.
36
. Schmidt,
Frankreichs Aussenpolitik
, 89–91.
37
. Doughty, ‘France’, 146–7.
38
. Schmidt,
Frankreichs Aussenpolitik
, 202–4.
39
. Bittner and Ubersberger,
Österreich-Ungarns Aussenpolitik
, 805.
40
. Bark, ‘Iul’skie Dni 1914 Goda’, 32–4; Bridge,
How the War Began
, 30–32; Ignat’ev,
Vneshniaia Politika Rossii, 1907–1914
, 213–14.
41
. BD, vol. IX, 125, pp. 93–4.
42
. Turner, ‘The Russian Mobilization’, 76–7.
43
. Ibid., 77, 80.
44
. Rosen,
Forty Years of Diplomacy
, 163.
45
. Stengers, ‘Belgium’, 158.
46
. Schmidt,
Frankreichs Aussenpolitik
, 335–42; Poincaré,
Au Service de la France
, 288; Krumeich,
Armaments and Politics
, 219–20.
47
. Turner, ‘The Russian Mobilization’, 82–3; Poincaré,
Au Service de la France
, 302; Doughty, ‘French Strategy in 1914’, 443.
48
. Lichnowsky and Delmer,
Heading for the Abyss
, 375.
49
. Nicolson,
Portrait of a Diplomatist
, 295.
50
. Ibid., 301.
51
. Bridge, ‘The British Declaration of War’, 407; Haldane,
An Autobiography
, 288–9; Cecil,
Albert Ballin
, 205–9.
52
. Bridge, ‘The British Declaration of War’, 408; Wilson,
The Policy of the Entente
, 135–6; BD, vol. XI, 91, pp. 73–4; 104, pp. 83–4.
53
. Geiss,
July 1914
, 183–4.
54
. Bülow,
Memoirs of Prince Von Bulow
, vol. III, 122–3.
55
. Lichnowsky and Delmer,
Heading for the Abyss
, 368–469.
56
. Nicolson,
Portrait of a Diplomatist
, 301.
57
. Hobhouse,
Inside Asquith’s Cabinet
, 176–7; Robbins,
Sir Edward Grey
, 289–90.
58
. BD, vol. IX, 185, p. 128.
59
. BD, vol. IX, 170, pp. 120–1.
60
. BD, vol. IX, 216, p. 148.
61
. Eubank,
Paul Cambon
, 171.
62
. Ibid., 169.
63
. Trumpener, ‘War Premeditated?’, 66–7; Bittner and Ubersberger,
ÖsterreichUngarns Aussenpolitik
, 739, 741.
64
. Cecil,
Wilhelm II
, 202–3.
65
. Bridge,
Russia
, 52.
66
. BD, vol. IX, 135, p. 99; 147, p. 103;
The Times
, 27 July 1914; Bark, ‘Iul’skie Dni 1914 Goda’, 26; Bittner and Ubersberger,
Österreich-Ungarns Aussenpolitik
, 759; Verhey,
Spirit of 1914
, 28–31.
67
. BD, vol. XI, 162, p. 116; 245, pp. 160–61.
68
. Renzi, ‘Italy’s Neutrality’, 1419–20.
69
. Ibid., 1421–2.
70
. Hobhouse,
Inside Asquith’s Cabinet
, 177.
71
. Williamson,
Politics of Grand Strategy
, 345.
72
. Afflerbach, ‘Wilhelm II as Supreme Warlord’, 432.
73
. Ignat’ev,
Vneshniaia politika Rossii, 1907–1914
, 218–19.
74
. Geiss,
July 1914
, 283.
75
. Jarausch,
The Enigmatic Chancellor
, 171.
76
. Albertini,
The Origins of the War
, vol. II, 460–61.
77
. Vermes,
Istv’an Tisza
, 234.
78
. Rosen,
Forty Years of Diplomacy
, 163.

20 Turning Out the Lights: Europe’s Last Week of Peace

1
. Zweig,
The World of Yesterday
, 243–5.
2
. BD, vol. XI, 270, p. 174; Poincaré,
Au Service de la France
, 368.
3
. Keiger,
Raymond Poincaré
, 171.
4
. Schmidt,
Frankreichs Aussenpolitik
, 335–42; Turner, ‘The Russian Mobilization’, 83.
5
. Schmidt,
Frankreichs Aussenpolitik
, 345–7; Herwig,
The Marne
, 17.
6
. Lieven,
Nicholas II
, 199–200.
7
. Geiss,
July 1914
, 260–61.
8
. Ibid.
9
. Bridge,
Russia
, 50; Turner, ‘The Russian Mobilization’, 86.
10
. Ibid., 87–8.
11
. Ibid., 78; Geiss,
July 1914
, 291.
12
. Cimbala, ‘Steering through Rapids’, 387.
13
. Bridge,
How the War Began
, 65–6; Bark, ‘Iul’skie Dni 1914 Goda’, 31–2; Kleĭnmikhel’,
Memories of a Shipwrecked World
, 202–3.
14
. Cecil,
Wilhelm II
, 204–5.
15
. Geiss,
July 1914
, 284–5; Fuller,
Strategy and Power in Russia
, 447; Jarausch,
The Enigmatic Chancellor
, 168–9.
16
. Ekstein and Steiner, ‘The Sarajevo Crisis’, 404; Williamson,
Politics of Grand Strategy
, 347.
17
. Hankey,
The Supreme Command
, 154–6.
18
. Geiss,
July 1914
, 288–90.
19
. Albertini,
The Origins of the War
, vol. II, 300–302; Geiss,
July 1914
, 296–7; Turner, ‘The Russian Mobilization’, 86.
20
. Verhey,
Spirit of 1914
, 17–20.
21
. Ibid., 53–6.
22
. Jarausch,
The Enigmatic Chancellor
, 151–2, 164, 168–9.
23
. Geiss,
July 1914
, 291–2, 308–9.
24
. Turner, ‘Role of General Staffs’, 315.
25
. Ibid.
26
. Austro-Hungarian Gemeinsamer Ministerrat,
Protokolle des Gemeinsamen Ministerrates
, 156–7.
27
. Albertini,
The Origins of the War
, vol. II, 669–70.
28
. Geiss,
July 1914
, 323.
29
. Mombauer,
Helmuth von Moltke
, 199–200; Hewitson,
Germany and the Causes
, 197; Turner, ‘Role of General Staffs’, 314–15.
30
. Cecil,
Wilhelm II
, 204.
31
. BD, vol. XI, 293, pp. 185–6.
32
. BD, vol. XI, 303, p. 193; Robbins,
Sir Edward Grey
, 293–4.
33
. Wilson,
The Policy of the Entente
, 140–3; Hazlehurst,
Politicians at War
, 84–7.
34
. Williamson,
Politics of Grand Strategy
, 349.
35
. BD, vol. XI, 369, pp. 228–9.
36
.
The Times
, 29, 30 and 31 July 1914.
37
. Bucholz,
Moltke, Schlieffen
, 280–81.
38
. Bach,
Deutsche Gesandtschaftsberichte
, 107.
39
. Mombauer,
Helmuth von Moltke
, 205.
40
. Ibid., 208.
41
. Ibid., 206.
42
. Herwig, ‘Imperial Germany’, 95; Fischer,
War of Illusions
, 502–4.
43
. Jarausch,
The Enigmatic Chancellor
, 174; Verhey,
Spirit of 1914
, 59–60.
44
. Stone, ‘V. Moltke–Conrad’, 216–17.
45
. Albertini,
The Origins of the War
, 670–71; Williamson,
Austria-Hungary
, 206–8.
46
. Stone, ‘V. Moltke–Conrad’, 217.
47
. Afflerbach, ‘Wilhelm II as Supreme Warlord’, 433n22.
48
. Verhey,
Spirit of 1914
, 46–50, 62–4, 68, 71; Stargardt,
The German Idea of Militarism
, 145–9.
49
. Mombauer,
Helmuth von Moltke
, 216–20.
50
. Groener,
Lebenserinnerungen
, 141–2, 145–6.
51
. Mombauer,
Helmuth von Moltke
, 219–24.
52
. Ibid., 223–4.
53
. Jarausch,
The Enigmatic Chancellor
, 174–5.
54
.
The Times
, 1 August 1914.
55
. BD, vol. XI, 510, pp. 283–5.
56
. Robbins,
Sir Edward Grey
, 295; Wilson,
The Policy of the Entente
, 136–7; Brock and Brock,
H. H. Asquith
, 38.
57
. DDF, 3rd series, 532, pp. 424–5; BD, vol. IX, 447, p. 260.
58
. Nicolson,
Portrait of a Diplomatist
, 304.
59
. Williamson,
Politics of Grand Strategy
, 353n34; Nicolson,
Portrait of a Diplomatist
, 304–5; Hazlehurst,
Politicians at War
, 88.
60
. Bodleian Libraries Oxford, Papers of Sir Eyre Alexander Barby Wichart Crowe, MS Eng. E. 3020, 1–2.
61
. Bridge,
Russia
, 76–9.
62
. Voeikov,
S Tsarem I Bez Tsarya
, 110.
63
. Lieven,
Nicholas II
, 203.
64
. Goldberg,
Life of Jean Jaurès
, 463–4.
65
. Ibid., 465–7; Joll,
The Second International
, 162–6.
66
. Goldberg,
Life of Jean Jaurès
, 469–72.
67
. Poincaré,
Au Service de la France
, 432–3.
68
. Keiger,
Raymond Poincaré
, 174–7; Albertini,
The Origins of the War
, vol. III, 88–91.
69
. Albertini,
The Origins of the War
, vol. III, 85, 89; Krumeich,
Armaments and Politics
, 227.
70
. Albertini,
The Origins of the War
, vol. III, 106–7; Keiger,
Raymond Poincaré
, 180–82.
71
. Keiger,
Raymond Poincaré
, 189.
72
. Wilson,
The Policy of the Entente
, 147n82; Lichnowsky and Delmer,
Heading for the Abyss
, 422.
73
. Adam,
Bonar Law
, 170.
74
. Hazlehurst,
Politicians at War
, 96–7; Brock and Brock,
H. H. Asquith
, 145; Wilson,
The Policy of the Entente
, 136ff.
75
. Hankey,
The Supreme Command
, 161–2; Hazlehurst,
Politicians at War
, 97–100.
76
. Geiss,
July 1914
, 231.
77
. Stengers, ‘Belgium’, 152–5.
78
. Ibid., 161–3.
79
. BD, vol. XI, 670, pp. 349–50; Tuchman,
The Guns of August
, 107–8;
The Times
, 4 August 1914.
80
. Brock and Brock,
H. H. Asquith
, 150.
81
. Grey,
Twenty-Five Years
, vol. II, 12–13.
82
. Robbins,
Sir Edward Grey
, 296.
83
. Grey,
Twenty-Five Years
, vol. II, 20; Nicolson,
Portrait of a Diplomatist
, 305–6.
84
. Grey,
Twenty-Five Years
, vol. II, 321–2; Wilson,
The Policy of the Entente
, 145–6; Great Britain, Parliamentary Debates, Commons, 5th series, vol. LXV, 1914, cols 1809–34;
The Times
, 4 August 1914.
85
. Hazlehurst,
Politicians at War
, 32; Grigg,
Lloyd George
, 154.
86
. BD, vol. IX, 147, pp. 240–41; Schoen,
Memoirs of an Ambassador
, 200–201, 204.
87
. Krumeich,
Armaments and Politics
, 229.
88
.
The Times
, 5 August 1914.
89
. Joll,
The Second International
, 171–6.
90
. Hollweg,
Reflections on the World War
, 158n; Jarausch,
The Enigmatic Chancellor
, 176–7; BD, vol. XI, 671, pp. 350–54.
91
. Jarausch,
The Enigmatic Chancellor
, 181.
92
. Cecil,