The War That Ended Peace: The Road to 1914 (139 page)

Omdurman, Battle of (1898)
134

Opium War, First (1839–42)
14

Orange Free State
23
,
50
,
258

Osborne, Isle of Wight
84
,
85
,
109

Ostend
563
–64

Ottoman armies
445
,
461

Ottoman Empire

Armenian massacres (mid 1890s)
38
,
39

at the mercy of its nationalities
203

and Black Sea
38
,
75

and Bosnia
2

collapse of
599

corruption
39

decaying
xxviii
,
14
,
39
,
83
,
135
,
181
,
199
,
200
,
216
,
222
,
269
,
333
,
379
,
380
,
381
,
385
,
395
,
414
,
440
,
441

division of
485

European influence
40

First Balkan War (1912) P1.
28

French interest in
149
,
381
,
446

German interest in
99
,
185
,
378
,
456
–57,
492
,
494

in Great War
597

and imperialism
39

joins Serbia and Greece against Bulgaria
462

loans to
138
,
446

loss of
xx
,
226
,
227
,
493

nationalism
381

Nicholas of Montenegro declares war
445

Paris Universal Exposition
1
–2

propped up by great powers
382

relations with Britain
38
,
39

relations with Germany
83

Russian interest in
494

territory in North Africa
138

and Triple Alliance
575

war with Italy over Libya (1911)
220
,
431
,
433
–35,
441
,
447
,
473
,
560

War Minister killed by Young Turks
459

weak and divided
153

Oxford University
152
–53,
496

P

Pacific islands, imperialism in
39

pacifism, pacifists
139
,
265
,
274
,
275
,
282
,
293
–94,
488
,
509
,
585

Page, Walter
591
,
592
,
597

Paget, Sir Arthur
491

Palais des Beaux-Arts, Paris
4
,
239

Paléologue, Maurice
149
,
341
,
364
,
544
,
550
,
551
,
552
,
565
,
583

Palestine
150

Palmerston, Lord
136

Pan-German League
8
,
97
,
158
,
421

Panama Canal
17

Panama Canal Company
140

Pankhurst, Christabel
489

Pankhurst, Mrs Emmeline
489

Panslavism
382
,
387
,
401
,
410
,
448
,
449
,
546
,
590

Panther
(German gunboat)
411
,
412
,
419
,
420
,
421
,
422
,
424

Paris

Alexander I marches through
147

demonstrations
559

Edward VII visits (1903)
155
–56

financial centre
232

Poincaré greeted with enthusiasm
565

population
7

terrorism
241

Paris Chamber of Commerce
6

Paris Commune
140

Paris Métro
9

Paris Municipal Council
145

Paris Peace Conference (1919)
xxx

Paris Universal Exposition (1900)
142
,
232
,
239
,
596
, P1.
1

achievements of Western civilisation
6

and alliance system
22

Bloch’s exhibit
271
–72

celebrates progress
20
,
238

countries represented
1
–5,
15
–16

and Dreyfus affair
145

Exposition Annexe, Vincennes
7

Hachette guide
2
,
6
,
7
,
8
,
21
,
23

Japanese exhibits
15
,
21

Olympic Games
7

opened by Loubet
1

Palace of Armies and Navies
22

Palace of Electricity
2
,
6

Palace of Teaching and Education
8

Palais de l’Horticulture Etrangère
11

Palais de l’Hygiène
10

success of
1

Parliament Bill (1910)
129

Parsons, Charles
28
,
113

Pašić, Nikola
388
,
401
,
439
,
442
,
450
,
451
,
463
,
515
,
533
,
534
,
536
,
537
,
538

Pasteur, Louis
10

patriotism
xxvii
,
81
,
103
,
106
,
139
,
250
–51,
308

inverted
255

Peace Crusade
283

peace movement
268
,
268
,
274
,
275
,
276
,
278
,
279
,
280
,
282
,
284
,
285
,
293
,
468
,
470
,
503
,
509
,
581
,
593

pensions
108
,
127

People’s Budget
128
–29

Perdicaris, Ion
358

Permanent Court of Arbitration, Peace Palace, The Hague, Netherlands
281
–82,
561

Persia (Iran)

Anglo-Russian Convention
194
–95,
196

British move into
192

and the Great Game
40

and imperialism
39

struggle for influence in
555

weak and divided
153

Peter I, King of Serbia
389
,
438
,
439
,
514
,
515
,
542

Peter the Great
165
,
168
,
184
–85

Peterhof, near St Petersburg, Russia
176
,
548

Pfadfinder
260

Philip, Prince, HRH The Duke of Edinburgh
106
,
601

Philippe, M.
173

Philippines, US control of
16
,
40

Picard, Alfred
8
,
22

Picasso, Pablo
21
,
165
,
230

Pichon, Stephen
400
,
429

Picquart, Colonel Georges
141
,
143

Pissarro, Camille
142

Pius X, Pope
240

Plehve, Vyacheslav
166

Plymouth
89

Poincaré, Henri
483

Poincaré, President Raymond
495
,
497
,
538
,
551
,
582

aims to make France stronger and more assertive
485

anti-German nationalist
429

and British expeditionary force
446
–47

calls for national unity
583

character
483
–84

on French desire for peace
139

and French loans to Russia
370
,
486

French policy
483

on Germany
485

presides over France’s victory
603

retirement
603

state visit to Russia
530
,
544
,
547
–50,
551

succeeds Caillaux
483

on support of Russia
446

telegram sent after being told of ultimatum
553
–54

thrilled at response on return to Paris
565

told of Franz Ferdinand’s death
511

visits to Scandinavian countries
554
,
559

Poincaré, President Raymond P1.
17

Poland
146
,
180
,
184
,
200
,
207
,
293
,
295

Poles
2
,
164
,
339
,
343
,
475
,
476
,
598

Polignac, Prince de
32

politics

changing nature of
248

in the Dual Monarchy
202

and extension of the franchise
28
–29

German internal politics
73

Germany at the centre of European politics
52

in Hungary
207
,
208

Jaurès’ belief
288

and landed interests
32

left-wing parties
473

nationalist
275

as a new social science
14

Russian internal politics
192

and upper classes
224
–25,
234

and a widening franchise
28
–29

and the younger generation
210

Pollio, Alberto
332
,
524

poor, the

appalling conditions of
107

and food shortages
106

and People’s Budget
128
–29

Port Arthur, China (now Lushun)
46
,
161
,
162

Port Said, Egypt
25

Portsmouth
89
,
100
,
364

Portsmouth, Treaty of (1905)
163

Portsmouth navy yard, New Hampshire
162

Portugal

British agreement with Germany over Portugal’s colonies
45
,
56

Paris Universal Exposition
1

strikes in
412

Portuguese Empire
45
,
507

positivism
14
,
20
,
237
,
239