Tinker Belles and Evil Queens: The Walt Disney Company From the Inside Out (49 page)

38. Chauncey, chapter 1.

39. Weeks, “Inverts,” 202.

40. Gregory Woods, “We’re Here, We’re Queer and We’re Not Going Catalogue Shopping,”
A Queer Romance: Lesbians, Gay Men and Popular Culture,
Paul Burston and Colin Richardson, eds. (New York: Routledge, 1995), 155. Historical research seems to point out that “gay” had already been appropriated to refer to prostitution in general by the beginning of the twentieth century (“the gay life”), yet the above analysis may help explain the shift in the use of the term to mean specifically “homosexuality.”

41. John D’Emilio, “Capitalism and Gay Identity,”
Powers of Desire: The Politics of Sexuality,
Ann Snitow, Christine Stansell and Sharon Thompson, eds.

(New York: Monthly Review Press, 1983), 105.

42. Jennie Livingston’s
Paris Is Burning
points out the social importance of a store-bought item over handmade wardrobe in the New York drag scene of the 1980s—as individuals either stole clothes, or stole labels to sew into their handmade clothes.

43. An example of an Arrow shirt ad doing just this can be found in Marchand, 201. Marchand, 196, describes “the gay life” of the upper classes in 1920s ads. Harry Benshoff describes the overtly gay male appeal of
Esquire
magazine in the early 1930s, and the ads contained within its issues, in
Monsters in the
Closet,
34.

44. George Chauncey points out that “gay” at the turn-of-the-century was often a connotation of prostitution (“the gay life”). While this obviously predates magazine ads of the 1920s, associating homosexuality with “sex-for-hire”

further reinforces by point of capitalism’s influence on homosexual identity.

45. John D’Emilio,
Sexual Politics, Sexual Communities: The Making of a Homosexual Minority in the United States, 1940–1970
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983). Chapter 10 contains information on the battles waged by San Francisco’s gay bar owners to stay in business.

262

N OT E S TO C H A P T E R 5

46. Woods, 160.

47. Foucault,
History of Sexuality,
25.

48. Isherwood, 85.

49. Warren, 49.

50. Provenzano, 67.

51. “Rights Group Buys Air Time on ‘Ellen,’”
New York Times
(Mar. 20, 1997): C6.

52. Roberta Astroff, “Commodifying Cultures: Latino Ad Specialists as Cultural Brokers,” Paper presented at the Seventh International Conference on Culture and Communication, Philadelphia, 1989.

53. Stabiner, 36.

54. Ibid., 74.

55. Clark.

56. Jaffe Cohen, Danny McWilliams and Bob Smith,
Growing Up Gay: From
Left Out to Coming Out
(New York: Hyperion, 1995).

57. Dyer, 188.

58. Handy, 50.

59. Ibid.

60. Mary Ann Doane, “The Economy of Desire: The Commodity Form in/of the Cinema,”
QRFV
11:1 (1989): 30; Judith Williamson and Roland Marchand also analyze how advertising constructs women as commodities.

61. Marchand, 138.

62. The marketing of this specific body image to the gay community is also noted by Michelangelo Signorile,
Life Outside.

63. For a lucid account of Media Systems Dependency Theory, see Melvin L. DeFleur and Sandra Ball-Rokeach,
Theories of Mass Communication
(New York: D. McKay Co., 1975), 297–327.

64. Erb, 62.

65. Jack G. Sheehan, “Arab Caricatures Deface Disney’s
Aladdin,
”
Los Angeles Times
(Dec. 21, 1992): F5.

66. Ibid.

67. Casey Kasem and Jay Goldsworthy, “No Magic in
Aladdin
’s Offensive Lyrics,”
Los Angeles Times
(Apr. 19, 1993): F3.

68. David J. Fox, “Disney Will Alter Song in Aladdin,”
Los Angeles Times
(July 10, 1993): F1.

69. Avens, 67.

70. Ella Shohat, “Gender and Culture of Empire: Toward a Feminist Ethnography of the Cinema,”
QRFV
13:1–3 (1991): 75, 69.

71. Rana Kabbani,
Europe’s Myths of Orient
(Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1986), 23–24.

72. Avens, 67.

73. Ibid.

N OT E S TO T H E E P I L O G U E

263

74. Avens, 70. Aladdin’s skin tone is browner than Jasmine’s, which could be construed as an indication of their class status (his poverty, her royalty), yet Jasmine’s eyes are more slanted or “Orientalized,” which might have been done to accent the “exotic” appeal of the Middle Eastern woman in Western society.

75. A number of people have written on the variant expressions of sexuality that existed within various Native American tribal cultures with terms such as the “berdache,” the “koskalaka” or the “two-spirited person.” See Paula Gunn Allen, “Lesbians in American Indian Cultures,”
Hidden from History: Reclaiming the Gay and Lesbian Past,
Martin Duberman, Martha Vincinus and George Chauncey, Jr., eds. (New York: Meridian, 1990), 106–117; Harriet Whitehead, “The Bow and the Burden Strap: A New Look at Institutionalized Homosexuality in Native North America,”
The Lesbian and Gay Studies Reader,
Henry Abelove, Michele Aina Barale and David M. Halperin, eds. (New York: Routledge, 1993), 498–527; Sue-Ellen Jacobs, Wesley Thomas and Sabine Lang, eds.,
Two-Spirit People: Native American Gender Identity, Sexuality and Spirituality
(Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1997).

76. Gael Sweeney, “‘What Do You Want Me to Do, Dress in Drag and Do the Hula?’: Pumbaa and Timon’s Alternative Life Style Dilemma in Disney’s The Lion King,” paper presented at the Seventh Annual Society of Animation Studies Conference, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 1995.

77. D’Emilio, “Capitalism and Gay Identity,” 102.

78. Sweeney, in her paper, describes the range of resistance to the TV series by many of the film’s fans on the Internet.

79. John E. Harris, “Stereotyping for Fun and Profit,”
Christopher Street
(Sept. 1994): 4.

80. Todd Hayward, “The Lyin’ King,”
Planet Homo
69 (Sept. 21, 1994): 16–17.

81. Hayward, 17.

NOTES TO THE EPILOGUE

1. “Gay Day at Disney World Goes Off Without Incident, Park Aide Reports,”
Los Angeles Times
(June 5, 1994): A21; Mike Clary and James Bates,

“Moral Crusading: Conservative Christians Shun Disney Over Gay-Partner Policy,”
Los Angeles Times
(Dec. 25, 1995): A4.

2. Rep. Bob Brooks, et al., “An Open Letter to Michael Eisner and the Walt Disney Board,” 6.

3. Clary and Bates, A4.

4. Dart, A19.

5. Gregory M. Herek, “Beyond Homophobia: A Social Psychological Perspective on attitudes Toward Lesbians and Gay Men,”
Bashers, Baiters and
264

N OT E S TO T H E E P I L O G U E

Bigots: Homophobia in American Society,
John P. DeCecco, ed. (New York: Har-rington Park Press, 1985), 10.

6. “The Religious Right on
Toy Story,
”
A LEAGUE of Our Own
24 (Jan./Feb.

1996): 2.

7. Cohen,
Forbidden Animation,
115–116.

8. The quote is from an introduction before the full quotation of the memo in “The Religious Right on
Toy Story
,” 2.

9. Dart, A1.

10. Ibid., A19.

11. Ibid.

12. Ibid.

13. In addition to its film production arms (Walt Disney Pictures, Touchstone Pictures, Hollywood Pictures, Miramax), and the various branches specifically using the Disney name (the theme parks, the Disney stores, Walt Disney Records, the Disney Channel cable network), by 1997, the company had expanded into a variety of areas (holding interests in ESPN and E! cable networks, sports teams such as the Anaheim Ducks, some city newspapers and the entire ABC television network). An article in the Southern Baptists’ own
Baptist Press
reported that a poll conducted by the University of North Carolina, in conjunction with the
Atlanta Journal
and
Atlanta Constitution,
found that only about 30

percent of Southern Baptists surveyed were likely to participate in the economic action against Disney. The poll suggested that 75 percent of non-Southerners and 72 percent of Southerners were unlikely to participate in the boycott.

Dwayne Hastings, “Eisner: Boycotters a Splinter Group with Nazi Leanings,”

(Apr. 22, 1998).

14. James Bates and Marla Dickerson, “Disney’s Strategy Takes Calls for Protest in Stride,”
Los Angeles Times
(June 20, 1997): A17.

15. David Verbraska, “Southern Baptists ‘Misplace’ Outrage,”
USA Today
(June 18, 1997).

16. John A. Nelson, “Disney Wrong Target,”
USA Today
(June 18, 1997).

17. Quoted in Gill, 72. The “Mighty Duck” phrase refers to the Disney-owned pro hockey team, the Anaheim Mighty Ducks—named after the successful Disney live-action feature
The Mighty Ducks
(1992) about a Little League hockey team.

18. Alana Hommel, “Disney Support.” (Email sent ca. May 1998).

19. Shapiro, 13.

20. Alana Hommel, “Stand Our Ground” (Email sent ca. June 1998).

21. Shapiro, 13.

22. James Collard, “Leaving the Gay Ghetto,”
Newsweek
132: 7 (Aug. 17, 1998): 53.

23. Jonathan Van Meter, “The Post-Gay Man,”
Esquire
126:5 (Nov. 1996): 88–89, 132–134.

N OT E S TO T H E E P I L O G U E

265

24. Elise Harris analyzes this aspect of the term in “Going Post-al,”
Out
58

(Sept. 1998): 82–87, 184.

25. Collard, 53.

26. Harris, 82.

27. Van Meter, 134.

28. Harris, 86.

29. Michelangelo Signorile, “641,086 and Counting,”
Out
58 (Sept. 1998): 188.

30. Eleaine Herscher, “Wyoming Death Echoes Rising Anti-Gay Attacks,”

San Francisco Chronicle
(Oct. 13, 1998): A7.

31. Herscher, A7.

32. Shapiro, 14.

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