Tropic of Chaos (39 page)
Authors: Christian Parenti
12
Harry Ododa, “Somalia's Domestic Politics and Foreign Relations Since the Ogaden War of 1977â78,”
Middle Eastern Studies
21, no. 3 (July 1985): 285â297: 285.
Harry Ododa, “Somalia's Domestic Politics and Foreign Relations Since the Ogaden War of 1977â78,”
Middle Eastern Studies
21, no. 3 (July 1985): 285â297: 285.
13
For details on the war, see Tareke, “The Ethiopia-Somalia War of 1977 Revisited” ; David D. Laitin, “The War in the Ogaden: Implications for Siyaad's Role in Somali History,”
Journal of Modern African Studies
17, no. 1 (March 1979): 95â115; Mohamud H. Khalif, “The Politics of Famine in the Ogaden,”
Review of African Political Economy
27, no. 84 (June 2000): 333â337; I. M. Lewis, “The Ogaden and the Fragility of Somali Segmentary Nationalism,”
African Affairs
88, no. 353 (October 1989): 573â579; Jeffrey Clark, “Debacle in Somalia,”
Foreign Affairs
72, no. 1 (1992â1993) : 109â123; Ododa, “Somalia's Domestic Politics and Foreign Relations.”
For details on the war, see Tareke, “The Ethiopia-Somalia War of 1977 Revisited” ; David D. Laitin, “The War in the Ogaden: Implications for Siyaad's Role in Somali History,”
Journal of Modern African Studies
17, no. 1 (March 1979): 95â115; Mohamud H. Khalif, “The Politics of Famine in the Ogaden,”
Review of African Political Economy
27, no. 84 (June 2000): 333â337; I. M. Lewis, “The Ogaden and the Fragility of Somali Segmentary Nationalism,”
African Affairs
88, no. 353 (October 1989): 573â579; Jeffrey Clark, “Debacle in Somalia,”
Foreign Affairs
72, no. 1 (1992â1993) : 109â123; Ododa, “Somalia's Domestic Politics and Foreign Relations.”
15
David B. Ottaway, “Castro Seen Mediator in Africa Talks,”
Washington Post
, March 18, 1977; “Red Hands Off the Red Sea,”
The Economist,
March 26, 1977; Arnaud de Borchgrave,” Trouble on the Horn,”
Newsweek,
June 27, 1977.
David B. Ottaway, “Castro Seen Mediator in Africa Talks,”
Washington Post
, March 18, 1977; “Red Hands Off the Red Sea,”
The Economist,
March 26, 1977; Arnaud de Borchgrave,” Trouble on the Horn,”
Newsweek,
June 27, 1977.
16
Clark, “Debacle in Somalia.”
Clark, “Debacle in Somalia.”
17
Abdi Ismail Samatar, “Structural Adjustment As Development Strategy? Bananas, Boom, and Poverty in Somalia,”
Economic Geography
69, no. 1 (January 1993): 25â43: 27.
Abdi Ismail Samatar, “Structural Adjustment As Development Strategy? Bananas, Boom, and Poverty in Somalia,”
Economic Geography
69, no. 1 (January 1993): 25â43: 27.
18
Charles Mitchell, “Ethiopia Bombs Somali Towns,” United Press International, May 25, 1984.
Charles Mitchell, “Ethiopia Bombs Somali Towns,” United Press International, May 25, 1984.
19
Clark, “Debacle in Somalia,” 111.
Clark, “Debacle in Somalia,” 111.
20
World Bank figures are cited in Samatar, “Structural Adjustment As Development Strategy?”
World Bank figures are cited in Samatar, “Structural Adjustment As Development Strategy?”
21
Ismail I. Ahmed and Reginald Herbold Green, “The Heritage of War and State Collapse in Somalia and Somaliland: Local-Level Effects, External Interventions and Reconstruction,”
Third World Quarterly
20, no. 1 (February 1999): 113â127: 115â116.
Ismail I. Ahmed and Reginald Herbold Green, “The Heritage of War and State Collapse in Somalia and Somaliland: Local-Level Effects, External Interventions and Reconstruction,”
Third World Quarterly
20, no. 1 (February 1999): 113â127: 115â116.
22
Terrence Lyons and Ahmed Ismail Samatar,
State Collapse, Multilateral Intervention, and Strategies for Political Reconstruction
(Washington DC: Brookings Institution, 1995), 1. For a discussion of the state, state officials, and the politics of their discourse, see Stefano Harney,
State Work: Public Administration and Mass Intellectuality
(Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2002).
Chapter 8Terrence Lyons and Ahmed Ismail Samatar,
State Collapse, Multilateral Intervention, and Strategies for Political Reconstruction
(Washington DC: Brookings Institution, 1995), 1. For a discussion of the state, state officials, and the politics of their discourse, see Stefano Harney,
State Work: Public Administration and Mass Intellectuality
(Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2002).
1
Martin Dugard,
Into Africa: The Epic Adventures of Stanley and Livingstone
(New York: Broadway, 2004).
Martin Dugard,
Into Africa: The Epic Adventures of Stanley and Livingstone
(New York: Broadway, 2004).
2
Failed states: this phrase appears to be the property of the pro-war, national security intellectuals and the Pentagon planners who see a future of open-ended counterinsurgency. As it can carry a whiff of racism, a hint victim blaming, some on the Left oppose the idea. See Nome Chomsky,
Failed States: The Abuse of Power and the Assault on Democracy
(New York: Metropolitan Books, 2006).
Failed states: this phrase appears to be the property of the pro-war, national security intellectuals and the Pentagon planners who see a future of open-ended counterinsurgency. As it can carry a whiff of racism, a hint victim blaming, some on the Left oppose the idea. See Nome Chomsky,
Failed States: The Abuse of Power and the Assault on Democracy
(New York: Metropolitan Books, 2006).
4
Stephen Harney,
State Work Public Administration and Mass Intellectuality
(New York: Monthly Review, 2002). Harney makes the point that the state is an idea that is produced as an institution only by the labor of its officialdom.
Stephen Harney,
State Work Public Administration and Mass Intellectuality
(New York: Monthly Review, 2002). Harney makes the point that the state is an idea that is produced as an institution only by the labor of its officialdom.
5
Max Weber, “Politics As a Vocation,” in
From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology
, ed. H. H. Gerth and C. Wright Mills (New York: Oxford University Press, 1959), 77â128.
Max Weber, “Politics As a Vocation,” in
From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology
, ed. H. H. Gerth and C. Wright Mills (New York: Oxford University Press, 1959), 77â128.
6
Norman F. Cantor,
In the Wake of the Plague
(New York: Harper Perennial, 2002); Barbara W. Tuchman,
A Distant Mirror: The Calamitous 14th Century
(New York: Ballantine Books, 1987). It is worth noting that Rome fell slowly, weakened by corruption, hierarchy, imperial overreact, and bloat well before its sacking. The Visigoths first crossed the Danube not as an invading army but as armed refugees fleeing the Huns, who were pressing in from the east. They tricked into Rome, violated the terms of their amnesty, and kept their arms, then slowly started making war again. See, for examples, chapter 2 in Frederic Austin Ogg,
A Source Book of Medieval History: Documents Illustrative of European Life and Institutions from the German Invasions to the Renaissance
(New York: American Book Company, 1908).
Norman F. Cantor,
In the Wake of the Plague
(New York: Harper Perennial, 2002); Barbara W. Tuchman,
A Distant Mirror: The Calamitous 14th Century
(New York: Ballantine Books, 1987). It is worth noting that Rome fell slowly, weakened by corruption, hierarchy, imperial overreact, and bloat well before its sacking. The Visigoths first crossed the Danube not as an invading army but as armed refugees fleeing the Huns, who were pressing in from the east. They tricked into Rome, violated the terms of their amnesty, and kept their arms, then slowly started making war again. See, for examples, chapter 2 in Frederic Austin Ogg,
A Source Book of Medieval History: Documents Illustrative of European Life and Institutions from the German Invasions to the Renaissance
(New York: American Book Company, 1908).
7
Walt W. Rostow,
The Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990).
Walt W. Rostow,
The Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990).
8
Charles Tilly, “War Making and State Making As Organized Crime,” in
Bringing the State Back In
, ed. Peter Evans, Dietrich Rueschemeyer, and Theda Skocpol (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), 169â191.
Charles Tilly, “War Making and State Making As Organized Crime,” in
Bringing the State Back In
, ed. Peter Evans, Dietrich Rueschemeyer, and Theda Skocpol (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), 169â191.
9
Tilly, “War Making and State Making,” 170.
Tilly, “War Making and State Making,” 170.
10
Tilly, “War Making and State Making,” 183.
Tilly, “War Making and State Making,” 183.
11
Anthony Giddens,
The Nation-State and Violence
, vol. 2 of
A Contemporary Critique of Historical Materialism
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987).
Chapter 9Anthony Giddens,
The Nation-State and Violence
, vol. 2 of
A Contemporary Critique of Historical Materialism
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987).
1
We were in the little village of Tutu in Sherzad District. Khogyani is made up of a cluster of districts: Bihsud, Khogyani, Sherzad, Shinwar, Bati Kot, Pachir Wa Agam, and, depending on who is explaining the region, parts of Chaparhar and Surkh Rod.
We were in the little village of Tutu in Sherzad District. Khogyani is made up of a cluster of districts: Bihsud, Khogyani, Sherzad, Shinwar, Bati Kot, Pachir Wa Agam, and, depending on who is explaining the region, parts of Chaparhar and Surkh Rod.
2
Matthew Savage et al., “Socio-Economic Impacts of Climate Change in Afghanistan,” Department of International Development and Stockholm Environment Institute DFID CNTR 08 8507, executive summary, 2.
Matthew Savage et al., “Socio-Economic Impacts of Climate Change in Afghanistan,” Department of International Development and Stockholm Environment Institute DFID CNTR 08 8507, executive summary, 2.
3
“Floods in Pakistan” (publication of the Humanitarian Communication Group, United Nations, October 4, 2010).
“Floods in Pakistan” (publication of the Humanitarian Communication Group, United Nations, October 4, 2010).
4
Tage R. Sivall, “Synoptic-Climatological Study of the Asian Summer Monsoon in Afghanistan,”
Geograf iska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography
59, no. 1/2 (1977): 67â87; chart on 76.
Tage R. Sivall, “Synoptic-Climatological Study of the Asian Summer Monsoon in Afghanistan,”
Geograf iska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography
59, no. 1/2 (1977): 67â87; chart on 76.
5
Savage et al., “Socio-Economic Impacts of Climate Change in Afghanistan,” 5.
Savage et al., “Socio-Economic Impacts of Climate Change in Afghanistan,” 5.
8
James P. Sterba, “Starving Afghan Children Await Death Along Roads,”
New York Times
, June 16, 1972, 1; Sterba e-mail to author, April 9, 2009.
James P. Sterba, “Starving Afghan Children Await Death Along Roads,”
New York Times
, June 16, 1972, 1; Sterba e-mail to author, April 9, 2009.
11
“Afghan Parliament, in Session for a Year, Has Voted No Legislation,”
New York Times,
November 22, 1970.
“Afghan Parliament, in Session for a Year, Has Voted No Legislation,”
New York Times,
November 22, 1970.
12
James P. Sterba, “Afghans Begin Inquiry on Distribution of Food for Famine Relief,”
New York Times
, July 11, 1972, 6.
James P. Sterba, “Afghans Begin Inquiry on Distribution of Food for Famine Relief,”
New York Times
, July 11, 1972, 6.
13
“Leftist Protest Mars Agnew's Arrival in Kabul: Students in Afghan Capital Fail to Halt Motorcade Crowds Welcome Visitor,”
New York Times
, January 7, 1970.
“Leftist Protest Mars Agnew's Arrival in Kabul: Students in Afghan Capital Fail to Halt Motorcade Crowds Welcome Visitor,”
New York Times
, January 7, 1970.
14
An Afghan Village
, produced by Norman Miller with the co-operation of Toryali Shafaq Afghan Films and the Government of Afghanistan, 1974
.
An Afghan Village
, produced by Norman Miller with the co-operation of Toryali Shafaq Afghan Films and the Government of Afghanistan, 1974
.
16
Kamm, “Afghans Striving to Aid Famine Areas.”
Kamm, “Afghans Striving to Aid Famine Areas.”
19
Amaury de Riencourt, “India and Pakistan in the Shadow of Afghanistan,”
Foreign Affairs
61, no. 2 (winter 1982): 416â437.
Amaury de Riencourt, “India and Pakistan in the Shadow of Afghanistan,”
Foreign Affairs
61, no. 2 (winter 1982): 416â437.
21
The story of Murtaza Bhutto is laid out in historical and personal detail in Raja Anwar,
The Terrorist Prince: The Life and Death of Murtaza Bhutto
(Verso: London, 1997), and also in Fatima Bhutto's
Songs of Blood and Sword
(New York: Nation Books, 2010).
The story of Murtaza Bhutto is laid out in historical and personal detail in Raja Anwar,
The Terrorist Prince: The Life and Death of Murtaza Bhutto
(Verso: London, 1997), and also in Fatima Bhutto's
Songs of Blood and Sword
(New York: Nation Books, 2010).
22
S. R. Sonyel, “Enver Pasha and the Basmaji Movement in Central Asia,”
Middle Eastern Studies
26, no. 1 (January 1990): 52â64; Martha B. Olcott, “The Basmachi or Freemen's Revolt in Turkestan, 1918â24,”
Soviet Studies
33, no. 3 (July 1981): 352â369 ; William S. Ritter, “The Final Phase in the Liquidation of Anti-Soviet Resistance in Tadzhikistan: Ibrahim Bek and the Basmachi, 1924â31,”
Soviet Studies
37, no. 4 (October 1985): 484â493.
S. R. Sonyel, “Enver Pasha and the Basmaji Movement in Central Asia,”
Middle Eastern Studies
26, no. 1 (January 1990): 52â64; Martha B. Olcott, “The Basmachi or Freemen's Revolt in Turkestan, 1918â24,”
Soviet Studies
33, no. 3 (July 1981): 352â369 ; William S. Ritter, “The Final Phase in the Liquidation of Anti-Soviet Resistance in Tadzhikistan: Ibrahim Bek and the Basmachi, 1924â31,”
Soviet Studies
37, no. 4 (October 1985): 484â493.
23
For more on this history, see Steve Coll,
Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001
(New York: Penguin, 2004).
For more on this history, see Steve Coll,
Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001
(New York: Penguin, 2004).
24
Savage et al., “Socio-Economic Impacts of Climate Change in Afghanistan,” 5.
Savage et al., “Socio-Economic Impacts of Climate Change in Afghanistan,” 5.
25
Matthew King and Benjamin Sturtewagen,
Making the Most of Afghanistan's River Basins: Opportunities for Regional Cooperation
(New York: East West Institute, 2010), 17.
Matthew King and Benjamin Sturtewagen,
Making the Most of Afghanistan's River Basins: Opportunities for Regional Cooperation
(New York: East West Institute, 2010), 17.
26
Savage et al., “Socio-Economic Impacts of Climate Change in Afghanistan,” 21.
Savage et al., “Socio-Economic Impacts of Climate Change in Afghanistan,” 21.
27
Emma Graham-Harrison and Sue Pleming, “Spectre of Afghan Drought Brings Hunger, Poppy Fears,” Reuters, January 14, 2010.
Emma Graham-Harrison and Sue Pleming, “Spectre of Afghan Drought Brings Hunger, Poppy Fears,” Reuters, January 14, 2010.
28
“Floods Destroy 3,000 Houses in Takhar Abdul Matin Sarfaraz,”
Pajhwok Afghan News
, May 7, 2010; “Floods Inflict Heavy Damage on Four Districts,”
Pajhwok Afghan News
, May 9, 2010.
“Floods Destroy 3,000 Houses in Takhar Abdul Matin Sarfaraz,”
Pajhwok Afghan News
, May 7, 2010; “Floods Inflict Heavy Damage on Four Districts,”
Pajhwok Afghan News
, May 9, 2010.
30
Graham-Harrison and Pleming, “Spectre of Afghan Drought”; Sediqullah Bader, “Afghanistan: Drought, Poppy Profits Cause Wheat Shortage,” Inter Press Service, August 7, 2006.
Graham-Harrison and Pleming, “Spectre of Afghan Drought”; Sediqullah Bader, “Afghanistan: Drought, Poppy Profits Cause Wheat Shortage,” Inter Press Service, August 7, 2006.
31
Graham-Harrison and Pleming, “Spectre of Afghan Drought.”
Graham-Harrison and Pleming, “Spectre of Afghan Drought.”
32
Quoted in Johann Hari, “Legalize It; Why Destroy Poppies and Afghan Farmers When the World Needs Legal Opiates?”
Los Angeles Times
, November 6, 2006.
Quoted in Johann Hari, “Legalize It; Why Destroy Poppies and Afghan Farmers When the World Needs Legal Opiates?”
Los Angeles Times
, November 6, 2006.
33
Ahmed Rashid,
Descent into Chaos: The United States and the Failure of Nation Building in Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Central Asia
(New York: Viking, 2008), 401.
Ahmed Rashid,
Descent into Chaos: The United States and the Failure of Nation Building in Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Central Asia
(New York: Viking, 2008), 401.
34
Michael Renner, “Water Challenges in Central-South Asia,” Noref Policy Brief No. 4 (Oslo: Norwegian Peacebuilding Centre, December 2009).
Chapter 10Michael Renner, “Water Challenges in Central-South Asia,” Noref Policy Brief No. 4 (Oslo: Norwegian Peacebuilding Centre, December 2009).
1
Quoted in Timur Toktonaliev and Izomiddin Ahmedjanov, “Why Anger Finally Boiled Over in Kyrgyzstan,”
Bradenton Herald
(Florida), April 20, 2010.
Quoted in Timur Toktonaliev and Izomiddin Ahmedjanov, “Why Anger Finally Boiled Over in Kyrgyzstan,”
Bradenton Herald
(Florida), April 20, 2010.
2
Luke Harding, “Kyrgyzstan Opposition Seizes Power After Day of Protests,”
Guardian
, April 9, 2010. Numerous reports noted the utility price hikes, but few explored their history and causes. See Michael Schwritz, “Kyrgyzstan, Facing Continuing Violence, Reaches Out to Russia for Help,”
New York Times
, June 13, 2010; see also “Kyrgyzstan: A Hollow Regime Collapses,” Asia Briefing No. 102, International Crisis Group, April 27, 2010,
www.crisisgroup.org/en/regions/asia/central-asia/kyrgyzstan/B102-kyrgyzstan-a-hollow-regime-collapses.aspx
.
Luke Harding, “Kyrgyzstan Opposition Seizes Power After Day of Protests,”
Guardian
, April 9, 2010. Numerous reports noted the utility price hikes, but few explored their history and causes. See Michael Schwritz, “Kyrgyzstan, Facing Continuing Violence, Reaches Out to Russia for Help,”
New York Times
, June 13, 2010; see also “Kyrgyzstan: A Hollow Regime Collapses,” Asia Briefing No. 102, International Crisis Group, April 27, 2010,
www.crisisgroup.org/en/regions/asia/central-asia/kyrgyzstan/B102-kyrgyzstan-a-hollow-regime-collapses.aspx
.
3
Michael Schwirtz, “Fierce Fighting in Kyrgyzstan Poses Challenge to Government,”
New York Times
, June 12, 2010.
Michael Schwirtz, “Fierce Fighting in Kyrgyzstan Poses Challenge to Government,”
New York Times
, June 12, 2010.
4
“Kyrgyz Govt Calls for Increasing Utilities Prices,” Russia & CIS Business and Financial Daily (newswire), April 2, 2008.
“Kyrgyz Govt Calls for Increasing Utilities Prices,” Russia & CIS Business and Financial Daily (newswire), April 2, 2008.
5
Andrew E. Kramer, “Government Buildings Retaken in Kyrgyzstan,”
New York Times
, May 14, 2010; “Uzbekistan: Concern at Ethnic Trouble in Kyrgyzstan,” Institute for War and Peace Reporting, May 25, 2010,
http://iwpr.net/report-news/uzbekistan-concern-ethnic-trouble-kyrgyzstan
; Jonibek Kadamjayov, “Fergana Valley: Relations Cooling, Uzbek-Kyrgyz Border Growing Increasingly Violent,”
EurasiaNet.org
, March 9, 2010,
www.eurasianet.org/departments/civilsociety/articles/eav030910a.shtml
.
Andrew E. Kramer, “Government Buildings Retaken in Kyrgyzstan,”
New York Times
, May 14, 2010; “Uzbekistan: Concern at Ethnic Trouble in Kyrgyzstan,” Institute for War and Peace Reporting, May 25, 2010,
http://iwpr.net/report-news/uzbekistan-concern-ethnic-trouble-kyrgyzstan
; Jonibek Kadamjayov, “Fergana Valley: Relations Cooling, Uzbek-Kyrgyz Border Growing Increasingly Violent,”
EurasiaNet.org
, March 9, 2010,
www.eurasianet.org/departments/civilsociety/articles/eav030910a.shtml
.
7
“Where Is the Justice? Interethnic Violence in Southern Kyrgyzstan and Its Aftermath,” Human Right Watch, August 16, 2010,
www.hrw.org/en/reports/2010/08/16/where-justice-0
.
“Where Is the Justice? Interethnic Violence in Southern Kyrgyzstan and Its Aftermath,” Human Right Watch, August 16, 2010,
www.hrw.org/en/reports/2010/08/16/where-justice-0
.
8
Kramer, “Government Buildings Retaken in Kyrgyzstan”; “Uzbekistan: Concern at Ethnic Trouble in Kyrgyzstan.”
Kramer, “Government Buildings Retaken in Kyrgyzstan”; “Uzbekistan: Concern at Ethnic Trouble in Kyrgyzstan.”
9
“Electricity Cut at Night in Kyrgyzstan for Six Months: Minister,” Agence France-Presse, April 14, 2008; “Bakiyev Calls for an End to Rolling Blackouts in Kyrgyzstan,” Central Asia General Newswire/Interfax, January 12, 2010.
“Electricity Cut at Night in Kyrgyzstan for Six Months: Minister,” Agence France-Presse, April 14, 2008; “Bakiyev Calls for an End to Rolling Blackouts in Kyrgyzstan,” Central Asia General Newswire/Interfax, January 12, 2010.
10
Peter Leonard, “Uzbeks Rebut Critics of Pullout from Power Grid,” Associated Press, December 3, 2009.
Peter Leonard, “Uzbeks Rebut Critics of Pullout from Power Grid,” Associated Press, December 3, 2009.
11
Gulnara Mambetalieva, “Energy Fears As Kyrgyz Winter Approaches: Threat of More Blackouts Despite Efforts to Hoard Water for Hydropower Ahead of Cold Season,” RCA Issue 557, Institute for War and Peace Reporting, December 3, 2008,
http://iwpr.net/report-news/energy-fears-kyrgyz-winter-approaches
.
Gulnara Mambetalieva, “Energy Fears As Kyrgyz Winter Approaches: Threat of More Blackouts Despite Efforts to Hoard Water for Hydropower Ahead of Cold Season,” RCA Issue 557, Institute for War and Peace Reporting, December 3, 2008,
http://iwpr.net/report-news/energy-fears-kyrgyz-winter-approaches
.
12
Mambetalieva, “Energy Fears.”
Mambetalieva, “Energy Fears.”
13
Quoted in Mambetalieva, “Energy Fears.”
Quoted in Mambetalieva, “Energy Fears.”
14
Quoted in Mambetalieva, “Energy Fears.”
Quoted in Mambetalieva, “Energy Fears.”
15
“Kyrgyz Protest Electricity Price Hike,” Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, February 25, 2010,
www.rferl.org/content/Kyrgyz_Protest_Electricity_Price_Hike_/1968192.html
.
“Kyrgyz Protest Electricity Price Hike,” Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, February 25, 2010,
www.rferl.org/content/Kyrgyz_Protest_Electricity_Price_Hike_/1968192.html
.
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