Tropic of Chaos (42 page)

18
Renato P. Colistete, “Revisiting Import-Substituting Industrialization in Brazil: Productivity Growth and Technological Learning in the Post-War Years” (draft paper prepared for the Conference “Latin America, Globalization, and Economic History,” University of California, Los Angeles, April 24–25, 2009), 7, available online at
www.international.ucla.edu/economichistory/Summerhill/Colistete.pdf
.

19
Colistete, “Revisiting Import-Substituting Industrialization in Brazil,” 32.

20
David Harvey, “Neo-Liberalism As Creative Destruction,”
Geograf iska Annaler
88, no. 52 (June 1, 2006): 145–158: 148.

21
Philip Armstrong, Andrew Glyn, and John Harrison,
Capitalism Since 1945
(Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1991), 155. For the quintessential story of successful state-led capitalist development, see Alice Amsden,
Asia's Next Giant: South Korea and Late Industrialization
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992).

22
Juliet B. Schor,
The Overworked America: The Unexpected Decline of Leisure
(New York: Basic Books, 1992), 111.

23
Charles Sable quoted in Bennett Harrison and Barry Bluestone,
The Great U-Turn: Corporate Restructuring and the Polarizing of America
(Boulder, CO: Basic Books, 1990), 10.

24
On excess capacity or overaccumulation, see Armstrong, Glyn, and Harrison,
Capitalism Since 1945
, esp. ch. 11.

25
Brooke, “Brazil Writhes Under Debt Burden.”

26
Harrison and Bluestone,
The Great U-Turn
, 7; see also Norman Glickman, “Cities and the International Division of Labor,” in
The Capitalist City
, ed. Peter Michael Smith (Oxford: Blackwell, 1987), 71.

27
Samuel Bowles, David M Gordon, and Thomas E. Weisskopf,
After the Waste Land: A Democratic Economics for the Year 2000
(Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1990), 45. See Figure 4.4, “Declining Profitability After the Mid Sixties”; Andrew Glyn et al., “The Rise and Fall of the Golden age,” in
The Golden Age of Capitalism: Reinterpreting the Post-War Experience
, ed. Stephen A. Marglin and Juliet B. Schor (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990), 77, figure 2.10.

28
John Morris, “Markets Recover from Losses, but Outlook Is Grim,”
American Banker
, December 6, 1982.

29
Paul Volker is quoted by Steven Rattner, “Volker Asserts U.S. Must Trim Living Standards,”
New York Times
, October 18, 1979, A1.

30
George Hanc,
An Examination of the Banking Crises of the 1980s and Early 1990s
, vol. 1 of
History of the 80s
(Arlington, VA: FDIC Public Information Center, 1999), 199.

31
Andres Oppenheimer, “Recession, Debt Batter Americas,”
Miami Herald
, April 18, 1983.

32
“Brazil Inflation Sets a Record,”
New York Times
, December 29, 1989.

33
James Brooke, “Growth of Southern Giants Stifled by Austerity Plans,”
Miami Herald
, April 18, 1983.

34
Oppenheimer, “Recession, Debt.”

35
Juan de Onis, “Brazil Wants New Loans, Not Outside Pressures,”
Los Angeles Times
, June 23, 1986.

36
Mark Weisbrot, “Quem será capaz de levar o país adiante?”
Folha de São Paulo
(Brazil), August 27, 2010.

37
Enrique “Desmond” Arias, “The Dynamics of Criminal Governance: Networks and Social Order in Rio de Janeiro,”
Journal of Latin American Studies
38, no. 2 (May 2006): 293–325.

38
For details, see Mike Davis,
Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño Famines and the Making of the Third World
(London: Verso, 2002).

39
Timothy Finan, “Drought and Demagoguery: A Political Ecology of Climate Variability in Northeast Brazil” (paper presented at the workshop “Public Philosophy, Environment, and Social Justice,” Carnegie Council on Ethics and International Affairs, October 21–22, 1999), 3.

40
Liqiang Sun et al., “Climate Variability and Corn Yields in Semiarid Ceara, Brazil,”
Journal of Applied Meteorology
46, no. 2 (February 1, 2007), 226–239.

41
Sun et al., “Climate Variability,” 227.

42
Rob Wilby, “Review of Climate Scenarios in Northeast Brazil” (a technical brief for Tearfund, Teddington, UK, June 2008), 2; Saulo Araujo, “Lessons from Northeast Brazil: ‘You Can't Fight the Environment,'” Grassroots International, March 2, 2009,
www.grassrootsonline.org/news/blog/lessons-northeast-brazil-you-can't-fight-environment
.

43
Joseph A. Page,
The Brazilians
(New York: Da Capo Press, 1996), 186.

44
Section 13.5.1.1, “Natural Ecosystems,” in Magrin et al.,
Climate Change 2007
.

45
Edmund Conway, “Economics IMF Warns That It May Soon Be Broke,”
Daily Telegraph,
May 5, 2006. The heading for this section comes from the excellent book by Theda Skocpol, Peter B. Evans, and Dietrich Rueschemeyer, eds.,
Bringing the State Back In
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985).

46
Christian Parenti, “Retaking Rio,”
The Nation
, May 31, 2010.

47
Donald R. Nelson and Timothy J. Finan, “Praying for Drought: Persistent Vulnerability and the Politics of Patronage in Ceara, Northeast Brazil,”
American Anthropologist
111, no. 3 (September 2009): 302–316: 305.

1
Darlene Superville, “Michelle Obama Launches Solo Agenda on Mexico Tour,” Associated Press, April 14, 2010.

2
Charles Bowden on
Democracy Now
, April 14 2010.

3
Kevin Johnson, “Violence Drops in U.S. Cities Neighboring Mexico,”
USA Today
, December 28, 2009.

4
“Juarez Massacres: Where Will Cartels Attack Next?”
El Paso Times
, February 2, 2010.

5
Elisabeth Malkin, “Gunmen in Mexico Kill 13 at Party,”
New York Times
, January 31, 2010.

6
William Booth, “Mexico's Drug Gangs Go on the Offensive Against Authorities,”
Washington Post
, May 2, 2010.

7
Shuaizhang Feng, Alan B. Krueger, and Michael Oppenheimer, “Linkages Among Climate Change, Crop Yields and Mexico-US Cross-Border Migration,”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
107, no. 32 (August 10, 2010): 14257–14262.

8
Nacha Cattan, “Climate Change Set to Boost Mexican Immigration to the US, Says Study,”
Christian Science Monitor,
July 27, 2010.

9
Oli Brown,
Migration and Climate Change
(Geneva: International Organization for Migration, 2008), 10.

10
Sam Knight, “Human Tsunami,”
Financial Times
, June 19, 2009.

11
Quoted in Amy Kazmin, “Rising Sea Levels Hit Bangladesh Livelihoods,”
Financial Times
, September 22, 2009.

12
William Lacy Swing, “Let's Invest Now for Tomorrow's Migration,”
Migration
(Magazine of the International Organization for Migration), winter 2010.

13
Kazmin, “Rising Sea Levels Hit Bangladesh Livelihoods.”

14
A similar, but different, story could be told about Africans and Middle Easterners moving to Europe. The best book on these dynamics is still Saskia Sassen,
The Mobility of Labor and Capital
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990).

15
A 2007 longitudinal country profile plotting Mexico's loss of mangroves, titled “Mangroves of North and Central America, 1980–2005: Country Reports,” can be found on the Food and Agriculture Organization website at
ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/010/ai446t/ai446t00.pdf
; for more on the crisis, see “President Felipe Calderon
Signs Legislation to Protect Coastal Wetlands; Governors Threatened to Define New Law,” Mex Economic News & Analysis on Mexico, February 14, 2007.

16
The Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations keeps data on fisheries. Its country profile of Mexico notes, “The current status of the decreasing production trend in fisheries yield is due to overexploitation, poor management, an increase of fishing effort, lack of surveillance, naturally occurring changes in each reservoir and the poor quality of broodstock and fingerlings produced at government fish culture centers that have resulted in smaller fish size and hybridization.” This is found at “Fishery and Aquaculture Country Profiles: Mexico,” FAO, Fisheries and Aquaculture Department,
www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI-CP_MX/en
. For a graph of total catch over time, see
www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI-CP_MX/3/en
.

17
Alonso Aguilar Ibarra, Chris Reid, and Andy Thorpe, “The Political Economy of Marine Fisheries Development in Peru, Chile and Mexico,”
Journal of Latin American Studies
32, no. 2 (May 2000): 503–527: 521.

18
For a full discussion of Mexican corporatism and fisheries policy, see Emily Young, “State Intervention and Abuse of the Commons: Fisheries Development in Baja California Sur, Mexico,”
Annals of the Association of American Geographers
91, no. 2 (June 2001): 283–306: 242.

19
Ibarra, Reid, and Thorpe, “The Political Economy of Marine Fisheries,” 526.

20
John Wright, “Mexico Announces Liberalization of Foreign Investment Rules,” AP Online, May 15, 1989.

21
Young, “State Intervention and Abuse of the Commons,” 288.

22
Young, “State Intervention and Abuse of the Commons,” 300.

23
Tim Weiner, “In Mexico, Greed Kills Fish by the Seaful,”
New York Times
, April 10, 2002.

24
Tim L. Merrill and Ramón Miró, eds.,
Mexico: A Country Study
(Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1996).

25
Richard Grant,
God 's Middle Finger: Into the Lawless Heart of the Sierra Madre
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008), 242.

26
Mexico lost 6.9 percent from FAO 2005 assessment. “A lingering question in economic geography is the degree to which there is a link between neoliberal policies and environmental degradation. Research is needed to relate such policies empirically to local-level decision making, both to evaluate their consequences and to contribute to an understanding of how cross-scalar dynamics drive processes of land-use change” (Martín Ricker, “The Role of Mexican Forests in the Storage of Carbon to Mitigate Climate Change” [“El papel de los bosques mexicanos en el almacenamiento de carbono para mitigar el cambio climático”], Sociedad Mexicana de Física, April 2008,
www.smf.mx/C-Global/webElpapelbosquesmex2.htm
); COSYDDAC,
The Forest Industry and Forest Resources in the Sierra Madre de Chihuahua: Social, Economic, and Ecological Impacts
(
La industria forestal y los recursos forestales en la Sierra Madre de Chihuahua: Impactos sociales, económicos y ecológicos
), Texas Center for Policy Studies, December 1999,
www.texascenter.org/publications/forestal.pdf
.

27
Rene Dumont, “Mexico: The ‘Sabotage' of the Agrarian Reform,”
New Left Review
I/17 (winter 1962): 46–63.

28
Elisabeth Malkin, “Mexico Now Enduring Worst Drought in Years,”
New York Times
, September 12, 2009.

29
“Mexico Says Corn Supply Not Threatened by Drought,” EFE World News Service, January 5, 2010.

30
Koko Warner et al., “In Search of Shelter: Mapping the Effects of Climate Change on Human Migration” (report by CARE International and UN University, 2009),
http://ciesin.columbia.edu/documents/ClimMigr-rpt-june09.pdf
.

31
Herbert Ingram Priestley, “The Contemporary Program of Nationalization in Mexico,”
The Pacific Historical Review
8, no. 1 (March 1939): 59–74: 60. Under Diaz, however, Mexico was hardly a banana republic; in fact he began as something of a progressive, nineteenth-century liberal and presided over some meaningful development—encouraging railroads, telegraphs, and basic factories—but declined into sclerotic corruption.

32
Carleton Beals,
Porfirio Diaz, Dictator of Mexico
(Philadelphia: J. P. Lippincott, 1932), 307.

33
Paul Garner,
Porfirio Diaz
(London: Longman, 2001).

34
Beals,
Porfirio Diaz
, 334.

35
Adolfo Gilly,
The Mexican Revolution
(New York: New Press, 2005); John Womack Jr.,
Zapata and the Mexican Revolution
(New York: Vintage, 1970); there was, in fact, quite a bit of behind-the-scenes jockeying and rivalry between foreign capitalists to support either the Diaz government or the revolution. Even among American firms, which generally supported President Francisco Madera, there was subterfuge and division. John Skirius, “Railroad, Oil and Other Foreign Interests in the Mexican Revolution, 1911–1914,”
Journal of Latin American Studies
35, no. 1 (February 2003): 25–51.

36
Frank Tannenbaum,
Peace by Revolution: An Interpretation of Mexico
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1933), 115.

37
COSYDDAC,
The Forest Industry and Forest Resources
.

38
This translation of Mexico's 1917 constitution can be found at
www.latinamericanstudies.org/mexico/1917-Constitution.htm
.