Wallach's Interpretation of Diagnostic Tests: Pathways to Arriving at a Clinical Diagnosis (1057 page)

   Acute and chronic renal failure (increased two to three times in 80% of patients and five times in 5% of patients)

   Organ transplant (kidney, liver, heart), especially with complications (e.g., organ rejection, CMV infection, cyclosporin toxicity)

   Alcoholism

   DKA

   After ERCP

   Some cases of intracranial bleeding (unknown mechanism)

   Macro forms in lymphoma, cirrhosis

   Drugs

   Induced acute pancreatitis (see preceding section on serum amylase)

   Cholestatic effect (e.g., indomethacin)

   Methodologic interference (e.g., pancreozymin [contains lipase], deoxycholate, glycocholate, taurocholate [prevent inactivation of enzyme], bilirubin [turbidimetric methods])

   Chronic liver disease (e.g., cirrhosis) (usually ≤2 times normal)

Decreased In

   Methodologic interference (e.g., presence of Hb, quinine, heavy metals, calcium ions)