Wallach's Interpretation of Diagnostic Tests: Pathways to Arriving at a Clinical Diagnosis (1206 page)

   Total motility (progressive + nonprogressive): 40% (95% CI 38–42)

   Vitality: 58% live (95% CI 55–63)

   Morphology: ≥ 30% normal forms (WHO criteria), or

   ≥ 4% normal forms (“strict” Tygerberg criteria)

   Use

   Primary test for male factor infertility in the workup of infertility in a couple

   Confirmation of the effectiveness of vasectomy (sperm concentration alone)

   Interpretation

Increased In

   No upper limit defined

Decreased In

   Testicular disease (primary defects)

   Posttesticular defects (disorders of sperm transport)

   Hypothalamic–pituitary disease (secondary hypogonadism)

   Limitations

   Minimum specimen volume for microscopic analysis is 0.1 mL.