Wallach's Interpretation of Diagnostic Tests: Pathways to Arriving at a Clinical Diagnosis (1447 page)
Authors: Mary A. Williamson Mt(ascp) Phd,L. Michael Snyder Md
| RSV | respiratory syncytial virus |
| rT3 | reverse triiodothyronine (T3) |
| SBE | subacute bacterial endocarditis |
| SD | standard deviation |
| SGOT | serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (see aspartate aminotransferase, AST) |
| SGPT | serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (see alanine aminotransferase, ALT) |
| SI | Systeme Internationale d’Unites |
| SIA | strip immunoblot assay |
| SIADH | syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion |
| SLE | systemic lupus erythematosus |
| S/S | sensitivity/specificity |
| STD | sexually transmitted disease |
| T 3 | triiodothyronine |
| T 4 | thyroxine |
| TB | tuberculosis |
| TBG | thyroxine-binding globulin |
| TDM | therapeutic drug monitoring |
| TGT | thromboplastic generation time |
| THC | marijuana (delta-9- tetrahydrocannabinol) |
| TIBC | total iron-binding capacity |
| TLC | thin-layer chromatography |
| TMP/SMX | trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole |
| TORCH | toxoplasma, others, rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex |
| TP | total protein |
| TPN | total parenteral nutrition |
| TRH | thyrotropin-releasing hormone |
| TSH | thyroid-stimulating hormone |
| TSI | thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin |
| TT | thrombin time |
| TTP | thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura |
| TTP/HUS | thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura hemolytic uremic syndrome |
| U | unit |
| UIBC | unsaturated iron-binding capacity |
| ULN | upper limit of normal |
| URI | upper respiratory infection |
| UTI | urinary tract infection |
| UV | ultraviolet |
| V | variable |
| VCA | viral capsid antigen |
| VDRL | Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (test for syphilis) |
| VIP | vasoactive intestinal polypeptide |
| VLDL | very-low-density lipoprotein |
| VMA | vanillylmandelic acid |
| vWF | von Willebrand factor |
| VZV | varicella-zoster virus |
| WBC | white blood cell |
| WHO | World Health Organization |
| Z-E | Zollinger-Ellison (syndrome) |
Glossary
Chromosome:
an individual portion of DNA containing some or all genes of a cell or virus. Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes.
DNA:
deoxyribonucleic acid: double-helix strands composed of nucleotides (A, C, G, and T) with A on one strand paired with T and C paired with G on the other strand. The order of nucleotides determines genetic information.
FISH:
fluorescent in situ hybridization: technique for fluorescent staining of molecules (e.g., used for gene mapping and to identify chromosome abnormalities).
gene:
functional unit in genome of cells and viruses that encode RNA and proteins.
genotype:
an individual’s genetic makeup indicated by his or her DNA sequence.
haplotype:
group of adjacent alleles inherited together.
heterozygous:
two different alleles at a specific autosomal gene locus (or X chromosome in a female).
homozygous:
two identical alleles at a specific autosomal gene locus (or X chromosome in a female).
MoM:
multiples of the median: unit used to express marker concentrations in maternal serum that allows for variations in concentration during gestation and between laboratories (see α-fetoprotein).
mRNA:
messenger RNA: template for protein synthesis. Sequence of a strand of mRNA is based on sequence of a complementary strand of DNA.
mutation:
permanent change in structure of DNA.
nucleic acids:
chains of nucleotides that form DNA and RNA.
oncogene:
gene with ability to convert a noncancer cell to a cancer cell. Protooncogenes are genes able to contribute to formation of cancer due to mutations in nucleotide sequence or organization; for example, retroviral oncogenes are derived from protooncogenes.
PCR:
polymerase chain reaction: quick way to make unlimited number of copies of any piece of DNA.
phenotype:
clinical expression of specific genes and/or environmental factors, for example, hair color, presence of a disease.
retrovirus:
class of viruses—including HIV and RNA tumor viruses—that replicate by copying RNA genome into DNA form by reverse transcriptase.
reverse transcriptase:
enzyme that copies RNA into DNA carried by retroviruses. transcriptase
RNA:
ribonucleic acid: delivers DNA messages to cytoplasm of cell where proteins are made. Similar to a single strand of DNA but uracil (U) is substituted for (T) in genetic code. Order of nucleotides is usually determined by a corresponding sequence in DNA.
Southern blot:
named for Dr. Southern. Procedure used to identify and locate DNA sequences that are complementary to another piece of DNA (called a
probe).
tyrosine kinase:
enzymes that add phosphate to tyrosine in proteins (many encoded by protooncogenes). Some (e.g.,
ABL
and
EGF
receptor tyrosine kinases) are inhibited by anticancer drugs (e.g., Gleevec).
WB (Western blot):
procedure used to identify and locate proteins using specific antibodies that bind to these proteins.
Symbols
| > | greater than |
| ≥ | equal to or greater than |
| < | less than |
| ≤ | equal to or less than; up to |
| × | times (e.g., 4× increase = fourfold increase) |
| ± | plus or minus |
| ~ | approximately |
| ↑ to ↑↑↑↑ | increased to markedly increased |
| ↓ to ↓↓↓↓ | decreased to markedly decreased |
Index
1,5-Anhydroglucitol (1,5-AG)
1,25-Dihydroxvitamin D, hypercalcemia
1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3, hyperparathyroidism
2-Hour glucose tolerance test, ovulatory disorders
2-Hydroxypropanoic acid.
See
Blood lactate
5,10-Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) molecular assay
5-Fluorocytosine, antimicrobials, TDM
5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA)
diarrhea
urine
5’-Nucleotidase (5’-ribonucleotidephosphohydrolase, 5’-NT)
cholestasis
6-Acetylmorphine
11-Deoxycortisol
17-Ketosteroids, urine (17-KS)
24-Hour urinary aldosterone excretion, primary hyperaldosteronism
24-Hour urine calcium excretion
hypercalcemia
hyperparathyroidism
25-Hydroxyvitamin D
cirrhosis
hypercalcemia
25-Hydroxy-vitamin D3 level
A
AA.
See
Aplastic anemia (AA)
AAT.
See
Alpha1-antitrypsin
A1ATD.
See
Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (A1ATD)
Abdominal pain
acute
amylase
arteriography
beta-hCG levels
CBC
CT
lactic acid level
lipase
radiographic studies
chronic
esophagus disorders
gallbladder and biliary tree diseases
pancreas disorders
stomach disorders
Abetalipoproteinemia
Apo B-48
Apo B-100
β-lipoprotein
cholesterol
ESR
LDL-C
RBCs, abnormal
serum carotene
TC
TG
VLDL
ABGs.
See
Blood gas, arterial
ABO blood transfusion
Abscesses, CNS
Absolute neutrophil
Absorption, drug
ACA.
See
Anticardiolipin antibodies (ACAs)
Acanthocytes
Accuracy (trueness)
Acetaminophen
Acetylsalicylic acid.
See
Salicylates (aspirin)
ACH.
See
Achondroplasia (ACH)
AChE (true cholinesterase)
Achlorhydria
atrophic (type A gastritis)
stomach carcinoma
Achondroplasia (ACH)
AChR antibodies
myasthenia gravis
primary autoimmune autonomic failure
Acid alpha-glucosidase deficiency.
See
Glycogen storage disease (GSD), type II
Acid beta-glucosidase deficiency.
See
Gaucher disease
Acid ceramidase deficiency.
See
Farber disease
Acid lipase deficiencies
LDL cholesterol (LDL-C)
TG
Acid maltase deficiency.
See
Glycogen storage disease (GSD), type II
Acid phosphatase
Acid-base disorders
analysis
buffer systems
respiratory and metabolic systems
Acid-fast bacillus (AFB) smear
chromogenic stain
culture and staining
Acid-fast bacillus (AFB) smear
fluorogenic stain
interpretation
limitations
mycobacterial diseases
nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM)
TB
tuberculosis, renal
use
Acid-fast bacterial pathogens
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Nocardia
infection
nontuberculous mycobacteria