Who Rules the World? (40 page)

8. THE WEEK THE WORLD STOOD STILL

1.   
   1
   . Sheldon Stern,
   The Week the World Stood Still: Inside the Secret Cuban Missile Crisis
   (Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press, 2005), 5.
   

2.   
   2
   . Noam Chomsky,
   Hegemony or Survival
   (New York: Henry Holt, 2003), 74.
   

3.   
   3
   . Michael Dobbs,
   One Minute to Midnight: Kennedy, Khrushchev, and Castro on the Brink of Nuclear War
   (New York: Vintage, 2008), 251.
   

4.   
   4
   . Ibid., 310.
   

5.   
   5
   . Ibid., 311.
   

6.   
   6
   . Ibid., xiii.
   

7.   
   7
   . Chauncey G. Parker III, “Missile Crisis: Cooked Up for Camelot?”
   Orlando Sentinel
   , 18 October 1992; Robert McNamara, interview by Richard Roth, CNN, aired 28 November 2003. Transcript published by
   CNN.com
   ,
   http://www.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0311/28/i_dl.00.html
   .
   

8.   
   8
   . “The Submarines of October,” in
   National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 75
   , William Burr and Thomas S. Blanton, eds., 21 October 2002,
   http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB75/
   .
   

9.   
   9
   . Edward Wilson, “Thank You Vasili Arkhipov, the Man Who Stopped Nuclear War,”
   Guardian
   (London), 27 October 2012.
   

10. 10
    . Graham Allison, “The Cuban Missile Crisis at 50: Lessons for U.S. Foreign Policy Today,”
    Foreign Affairs
    91, no. 4, (July/August 2012).
    

11. 11
    . Don Clawson,
    Is That Something the Crew Should Know?: Irreverent Anecdotes of an Air Force Pilot
    (Twickenham, UK: Athena Press, 2003), 80–81.
    

12. 12
    . Office of Air Force History, Oral History Interview of General David A. Burchinal, USAF, by Col. John B. Schmidt and Lt. Col. Jack Straser, 11 April 1975, Iris No. 01011174, in USAF Collection, AFHRA.
    

13. 13
    . Stern,
    The Week the World Stood Still
    , 146.
    

14. 14
    . Ibid., 147.
    

15. 15
    . Ibid., 148.
    

16. 16
    . Ibid., 149. Italics in the original.
    

17. 17
    . Ibid., 154.
    

18. 18
    . Summary Record of the Seventh Meeting of the Executive Committee of the National Security Council, 27 October 1962, John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum,
    http://microsites.jfklibrary.org/cmc/oct27/doc1.html
    .
    

19. 19
    . Jorge I. Domínguez, “The @#$%& Missile Crisis (Or, What Was ‘Cuban’ About U.S. Decisions During the Cuban Missile Crisis,”
    Diplomatic History
    24, no. 5 (Spring 2000): 305–15.
    

20. 20
    . Ernest R. May and Philip D. Zelikow,
    The Kennedy Tapes: Inside the White House During the Cuban Missile Crisis
    , concise edition (New York: W. W. Norton, 2002), 47.
    

21. 21
    . Jon Mitchell, “Okinawa’s First Nuclear Missile Men Break Silence,”
    Japan Times
    , 8 July 2012.
    

22. 22
    . Dobbs,
    One Minute to Midnight
    , 309.
    

23. 23
    . Sheldon M. Stern,
    Averting “The Final Failure”: John F. Kennedy and the Secret Cuban Missile Crisis Meetings
    (Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press, 2003), 273.
    

24. 24
    . Piero Gleijeses,
    Conflicting Missions: Havana, Washington, and Africa, 1959–1976
    (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003), 26.
    

25. 25
    . Ervand Abrahamian,
    The Coup: 1953, the CIA, and the Roots of Modern U.S.-Iranian Relations
    (New York: New Press, 2013).
    

26. 26
    . “Most Americans Willing to Re-Establish Ties with Cuba,” Angus Reid Public Opinion Poll, February 2012,
    https://www.american.edu/clals/upload/2012-02-06_Polling-on-Cuba_USA-1.pdf
    .
    

27. 27
    . Dobbs,
    One Minute to Midnight
    , 337.
    

28. 28
    . Ibid., 333.
    

29. 29
    . Stern,
    Averting “The Final Failure
    .
    ”
    

30. 30
    . Ibid., 406.
    

31. 31
    . Raymond L. Garthoff, “Documenting the Cuban Missile Crisis,”
    Diplomatic History
    24, no. 2 (Spring 2000): 297–303.
    

32. 32
    . Papers of John F. Kennedy, Presidential Papers, National Security Files, Meetings and Memoranda, National Security Action Memoranda [NSAM]: NSAM 181, Re: Action to be taken in response to new Bloc activity in Cuba (B), September 1962, JFKNSF-338-009, John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum, Boston, Massachusetts.
    

33. 33
    . Garthoff, “Documenting the Cuban Missile Crisis.”
    

34. 34
    . Keith Bolender,
    Voices From the Other Side: An Oral History of Terrorism Against Cuba
    (London: Pluto Press, 2010).
    

35. 35
    . Montague Kern, review of
    Selling Fear: Counterterrorism, the Media, and Public Opinion
    by Brigitte L. Nacos, Yaeli Bloch-Elkon, and Robert Y. Shapiro,
    Political Science Quarterly
    127, no. 3 (Fall 2012): 489–92.
    

36. 36
    . Stern,
    The Week the World Stood Still
    , 2.
    

37. 37
    . Dobbs,
    One Minute to Midnight
    , 344.
    

38. 38
    . Gleijeses,
    Conflicting Missions
    , 16.
    

39. 39
    . Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.,
    Robert Kennedy and His Times
    (Boston: Mariner Books, 2002), 480; Noam Chomsky,
    Hegemony or Survival: America’s Quest for Global Dominance
    (New York: Henry Holt, 2003), p. 83.
    

40. 40
    . Chomsky,
    Hegemony or Survival
    , 78–83.
    

41. 41
    . Stern,
    The Week the World Stood Still
    , 2.
    

42. 42
    . Desmond Ball,
    Politics and Force Levels
    :
    The Strategic Missile Program of the Kennedy Administration
    (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980), 97.
    

43. 43
    . Garthoff, “Documenting the Cuban Missile Crisis.”
    

44. 44
    . Dobbs,
    One Minute to Midnight
    , 342.
    

45. 45
    . Allison, “The Cuban Missile Crisis at 50.”
    

46. 46
    . Sean M. Lynn-Jones, Steven E. Miller, and Stephen Van Evera,
    Nuclear Diplomacy and Crisis Management: An International Security Reader
    (Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press 1990), 304.
    

47. 47
    . William Burr, ed., “The October War and U.S. Policy,” National Security Archive, published 7 October 2003,
    http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB98/
    .
    

48. 48
    . The phrase “super-sudden first strike” was coined by McGeorge Bundy and cited in John Newhouse,
    War and Peace in the Nuclear Age
    (New York: Knopf, 1989), 328.
    

49. 49
    . Noam Chomsky,
    Failed States: The Abuse of Power and the Assault on Democracy
    (New York: Henry Holt, 2006), 3.
    

9. THE OSLO ACCORDS: THEIR CONTEXT, THEIR CONSEQUENCES

1.   
   1
   . See for example David M. Shribman, “At White House, Symbols of a Day of Awe,”
   Boston Globe
   , 29 September 1995; Maureen Dowd, “Mideast Accord: The Scene; President’s Tie Tells It All: Trumpets for a Day of Glory,”
   New York Times
   , 14 September 1993 (“the jaded were awed”).
   

2.   
   2
   . George H. W. Bush, interview on
   NBC Nightly News
   , 2 February 1991.
   

3.   
   3
   . Deputy Permanent Observer of the Palestine Liberation Organization to the United Nations secretary general, 16 November 1988,
   http://domino.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/6EB54A389E2DA6C6852560DE0070E392
   .
   

4.   
   4
   . R. C. Longworth, “Shultz Helps Arafat Get Right Words,”
   Chicago Tribune
   , 15 December 1988.
   

5.   
   5
   . George P. Shultz,
   Turmoil and Triumph: My Years as Secretary of State
   (New York: Scribner, 1993), 1043.
   

6.   
   6
   . “Israel’s Peace Initiative,” U.S. Embassy in Israel Archive, 14 May 1989.
   

7.   
   7
   . Elaine Sciolino, “Mideast Accord: The Ceremony; Old Enemies Arafat and Rabin to Meet,”
   New York Times
   , 12 September 1993.
   

8.   
   8
   . Anthony Lewis, “Abroad at Home; A Chance to Live,”
   New York Times
   , 13 September 1993.
   

9.   
   9
   . Edward W. Said, “Intifada and Independence,” in
   Intifada: The Palestinian Uprising Against Israeli Occupation
   , eds. Zachary Lockman and Joel Beinin (Boston: South End Press, 1989), 5–22.
   

10. 10
    . Dan Fisher, “Israeli Settlers Kill Arab Girl, 17, at Gaza Protest,”
    Los Angeles Times
    , 11 November 1987.
    

11. 11
    . Avi Raz,
    The Bride and the Dowry: Israel, Jordan, and the Palestinians in the Aftermath of the June 1967 War
    (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2012).
    

12. 12
    . Noam Chomsky,
    Fateful Triangle: The United States, Israel, and the Palestinians
    (Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2015), 542–87.
    

13. 13
    . UN Security Council Resolution 446, 22 March 1979,
    http://domino.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/ba123cded3ea84a5852560e50077c2dc
    .
    

14. 14
    . “Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory,” International Court of Justice, 30 January 2004,
    http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/131/1591.pdf
    ; Gershom Gorenberg,
    The Accidental Empire: Israel and the Birth of the Settlements, 1967-1977
    (New York: Times Books, 2006).
    

15. 15
    . Danny Rubinstein,
    Ha’aretz
    , 23 October 1991. On sources here and below, where not cited, see Noam Chomsky,
    World Orders Old and New
    (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994).
    

16. 16
    . Chomsky,
    Fateful Triangle
    , 612.
    

17. 17
    . Chomsky,
    World Orders Old and New
    , 261–64.
    

18. 18
    . Dean Andromidas, “Israeli ‘Peace Now’ Reveals Settlements Grew Since Oslo,”
    EIR International
    27, no. 49 (15 December 2000); Chomsky,
    World Orders Old and New
    , 282.
    

19. 19
    . Chomsky,
    World Orders Old and New
    , 282.
    

20. 20
    .
    The Other Front
    , October 1995;
    News from Within
    , November 1995. See also Noam Chomsky,
    World Orders Old and New
    and
    Powers and Prospects
    (Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2015).
    

21. 21
    . Unless otherwise cited, the preceding material is quoted from Lamis Andoni, “Arafat and the PLO in Crisis,”
    Middle East International
    457 (28 August 1993) and Lamis Andoni, “Arafat Signs Pact Despite Misgivings All Around Him,”
    Christian Science Monitor
    , 5 May 1994.
    

22. 22
    . Chomsky,
    World Orders Old and New
    , 269.
    

23. 23
    . Youssef M. Ibrahim, “Mideast Accord: Jericho; Where P.L.O Is to Rule, It Is Nowhere to Be Seen,”
    New York Times
    , 6 May 1994.
    

24. 24
    . Chomsky,
    World Orders Old and New
    , p. 269.
    

25. 25
    . For a detailed analysis of Ross’s positions see Norman Finkelstein,
    Dennis Ross and the Peace Process: Subordinating Palestinian Rights to Israeli “Needs”
    (Washington, DC: Institute of Palestine Studies, 2007).
    

26. 26
    . UN Security Council Resolution 242, 22 November 1967,
    http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/0/7D35E1F729DF491C85256EE700686136
    ; UN Security Council Resolution 338, 22 October 1973,
    https://unispal.un.org/DPA/DPR/unispal.nsf/181c4bf00c44e5fd85256cef0073c426/7fb7c26fcbe80a31852560c50065f878?OpenDocument
    .
    

27. 27
    . Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement on the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, Article XI, 28 September 1995,
    http://www.unsco.org/Documents/Key/Israeli-Palestinian%20Interim%20Agreement%20on%20the%20West%20Bank%20and%20the%20Gaza%20Strip.pdf
    .
    

28. 28
    . Chomsky,
    World Orders Old and New
    , 248.
    

29. 29
    . Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement on the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, Article XI, 28 September 1995.
    

30. 30
    . Chomsky,
    World Orders Old and New
    , 278.
    

31. 31
    . Hilde Henriksen Waage, “Postscript to Oslo: The Mystery of Norway’s Missing Files,”
    Journal of Palestine Studies
    38 (Autumn 2008).
    

32. 32
    . See, for example, Edward Said, “Arafat’s Deal,”
    Nation
    , 20 September 1993, and “The Israel-Arafat Agreement,”
    Z Magazine
    , October 1993.
    

33. 33
    . Waage, “Postscript to Oslo.”
    

10. THE EVE OF DESTRUCTION

1.   
   1
   . Statement by Hugo Chavez at 61st United Nations General Assembly, 20 September 2006,
   http://www.un.org/webcast/ga/61/pdfs/venezuela-e.pdf
   .
   

2.   
   2
   . National Security Archive, “Kissinger Gave Green Light for Israeli Offensive Violating 1973 Cease-Fire,” press release, 7 October 2003,
   http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB98/press.htm
   .
   

3.   
   3
   . Nate Jones, “The Able Archer 83 Sourcebook,” National Security Archive, 7 November 2013,
   http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/nukevault/ablearcher/
   .
   

4.   
   4
   . Jillian Kestler-D’Amours, “Opportunity Missed for Nuclear-Free Middle East,” Inter Press Service, 2 December 2012.
   

5.   
   5
   . On bombing of dikes as a war crime, see for example Gabriel Kolko, “Report on the Destruction of Dikes: Holland, 1944–45 and Korea, 1953,” in
   Against the Crime of Silence: Proceedings of the Russell International War Crimes Tribunal, Stockholm and Copenhagen, 1967
   , ed. John Duffett (New York: O’Hare Books, 1968), 224–26; see also Jon Halliday and Bruce Cumings,
   Korea: The Unknown War
   (New York: Viking, 1988), 195–96; Noam Chomsky,
   Towards a New Cold War: Essays on the Current Crisis and How We Got There
   (New York: Pantheon, 1982), 121–22.
   

6.   
   6
   . Oded Granot, “Background on North Korea–Iran Missile Deal,”
   Ma’ariv
   , 14 April 1995.
   

7.   
   7
   . Fred Kaplan, “Rolling Blunder: How the Bush Administration Let North Korea Get Nukes,”
   Washington Monthly
   , May 2004.
   

8.   
   8
   . Shreeya Sinha and Susan C. Beachy, “Timeline on North Korea’s Nuclear Program,”
   New York Times
   , 19 November 2014; Leon Sigal, “The Lessons of North Korea’s Test,”
   Current History
   105, no. 694 (November 2006).
   

9.   
   9
   . Bill Gertz, “U.S. B-52 Bombers Simulated Raids over North Korea During Military Exercises,”
   Washington Times
   , 19 March 2013.